Easy Access Rules for Air Operations

Event title/description

Parameters required

Comments

Ground

Outside air temperature (OAT) high — Operating limits

OAT

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the limits of OAT.

Sloping-ground high-pitch attitude

Pitch attitude, ground switch (similar)

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.

Sloping-ground high-roll attitude

Roll attitude, ground switch (similar)

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.

Rotor brake on at an excessive number of rotations (main rotor speed) (NR)

Rotor brake discreet, NR

To identify when the rotor brake is applied at too high NR.

Ground taxiing speed — max

Ground speed (GS), ground switch (similar)

To identify when the helicopter is ground taxied at high speed (wheeled helicopters only).

Air taxiing speed — max

GS, ground switch (similar), radio altitude (Rad Alt)

To identify when the helicopter is air taxied at high speed.

Excessive power during ground taxiing

Total torque (Tq), ground switch (similar), GS

To identify when excessive power is used during ground taxiing.

Pedal — max left-hand (LH) and right-hand (RH) taxiing

Pedal position, ground switch (similar), GS or NR

To identify when the helicopter flight controls (pedals) are used to excess on the ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.

Excessive yaw rate on ground during taxiing

Yaw rate, ground switch (similar), or Rad Alt

To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when on the ground.

Yaw rate in hover or on ground

Yaw rate, GS, ground switch (similar)

To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when in a hover.

High lateral acceleration (rapid cornering)

Lateral acceleration, ground switch (similar)

To identify high levels of lateral acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate high cornering speed.

High longitudinal acceleration (rapid braking)

Longitudinal acceleration, ground switch (similar)

To identify high levels of longitudinal acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate excessive braking.

Cyclic-movement limits during taxiing (pitch or roll)

Cyclic stick position, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt, NR or GS

To identify excessive movement of the rotor disc when running on ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.

Excessive longitudinal and lateral cyclic rate of movement on ground

Longitudinal cyclic pitch rate, lateral cyclic pitch rate, NR

To detect an excessive rate of movement of cyclic control when on the ground with rotors running.

Lateral cyclic movement — closest to LH and RH rollover

Lateral cyclic position, pedal position, roll attitude, elapsed time, ground switch (similar)

To detect the risk of a helicopter rollover due to an incorrect combination of tail rotor pedal position and lateral cyclic control position when on ground.

Excessive cyclic control with insufficient collective pitch on ground

Collective pitch, longitudinal cyclic pitch, lateral cyclic pitch

To detect an incorrect taxiing technique likely to cause rotor head damage.

Inadvertent lift-off

Ground switch (similar), autopilot discreet

To detect inadvertent lifting into hover.

Flight — Take-off and landing

Day or night landing or take-off

Latitude and Longitude (Lat & Long), local time or UTC

To provide day/night relevance to detected events.

Specific location of landing or take-off

Lat & Long, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt, total Tq

To give contextual information concerning departures and destinations.

Gear extension and retraction — airspeed limit

Indicated airspeed (IAS), gear position

To identify when undercarriage airspeed limitations are breached.

Gear extension & retraction — height limit

Gear position, Rad Alt

To identify when undercarriage altitude limitations are breached.

Heavy landing

Normal/vertical acceleration, ground switch (similar)

To identify when hard/heavy landings take place.

Cabin heater on (take-off and landing)

Cabin heater discreet, ground switch (similar)

To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.

High GS prior to touchdown (TD)

GS, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), elapsed time, latitude, longitude

To assist in the identification of ‘quick stop’ approaches.

Flight — Speed

High airspeed — with power

IAS, Tq 1, Tq 2, pressure altitude (Palt), OAT

To identify excessive airspeed in flight.

High airspeed — low altitude

IAS, Rad Alt

To identify excessive airspeed in low-level flight.

Low airspeed at altitude

IAS, Rad Alt

To identify a ‘hover out of ground’ effect.

Airspeed on departure (< 300 ft)

IAS, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt

To identify shallow departure.

High airspeed — power off

IAS, Tq 1, Tq 2 or one engine inoperative (OEI) discreet, Palt, OAT

To identify limitation exceedance of power-off airspeed.

Downwind flight within 60 sec of take-off

IAS, GS, elapsed time

To detect early downwind turn after take-off.

Downwind flight within 60 sec of landing

IAS, GS, elapsed time

To detect late turn to final shortly before landing.

Flight — Height

Altitude — max

Palt

To detect flight outside of the published flight envelope.

Climb rate — max

Vertical speed (V/S), or Palt, or Rad Alt, Elapsed time

Identification of excessive rates of climb (RoC) can be determined from an indication/rate of change of Palt or Rad Alt.

High rate of descent

V/S

To identify excessive rates of descent (RoD).

High rate of descent (speed or height limit)

V/S, IAS or Rad Alt or elevation

To identify RoD at low level or low speed.

Settling with power (vortex ring)

V/S, IAS, GS, Tq

To detect high-power settling with low speed and with excessive rate of descent.

Minimum altitude in autorotation

NR, total Tq, Rad Alt

To detect late recovery from autorotation.

Low cruising (inertial systems)

GS, V/S, elevation, Lat & Long

To detect an extended low-level flight. Ground speed is less accurate with more false alarms. Lat & Long used for geographical boundaries.

Low cruising (integrated systems)

Rad Alt, elapsed time, Lat & Long, ground switch (similar)

To detect an extended low-level flight.

Flight — Attitude and controls

Excessive pitch (height related — turnover (T/O), cruising or landing)

Pitch attitude, Rad Alt elevation, Lat & Long

To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or < 500 ft) — Lat & Long required for specific-location-related limits. Elevation less accurate than Rad Alt. Elevation can be used to identify the landing phase in a specific location.

Excessive pitch (speed related — T/O, cruising or landing)

Pitch attitude, IAS, GS, Lat & Long

To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Speed limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or in cruising) — Lat & Long required for specific-location-related limits. GS less accurate than IAS.

Excessive pitch rate

Pitch rate, Rad Alt, IAS, ground switch (similar), Lat & Long

To identify inappropriate use of excessive rate of pitch change during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing). IAS only for IAS limit, ground switch (similar) and Lat & Long required for specific-location-related limits.

Excessive roll/bank attitude (speed or height related)

Roll attitude, Rad Alt, IAS/GS

To identify excessive use of roll attitude. Rad Alt may be used for height limits, IAS/GS may be used for speed limits.

Excessive roll rate

Roll rate, Rad Alt, Lat & Long, Ground switch (similar)

Rad Alt may be used for height limits, Lat & Long and ground switch (similar) required for specific-location-related and air/ground limits.

Excessive yaw rate

Yaw rate

To detect excessive yaw rates in flight.

Excessive lateral cyclic control

Lateral cyclic position, ground switch (similar)

To detect movement of the lateral cyclic control to extreme left or right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

Excessive longitudinal cyclic control

Longitudinal cyclic position, ground switch (similar)

To detect movement of the longitudinal cyclic control to extreme forward or aft positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

Excessive collective pitch control

Collective position, ground switch (similar)

To detect exceedances of the aircraft flight manual (AFM) collective pitch limit. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

Excessive tail rotor control

Pedal position, ground switch (similar)

To detect movement of the tail rotor pedals to extreme left and right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

Manoeuvre G loading or turbulence

Lat & Long, normal accelerations, ground switch (similar) or Rad Alt

To identify excessive G loading of the rotor disc, both positive and negative. Ground switch (similar) required to determine air/ground. Rad Alt required if height limit required.

Pilot workload/turbulence

Collective and/or cyclic and/or tail rotor pedal position and change rate (Lat & Long)

To detect high workload and/or turbulence encountered during take-off and landing phases. Lat & Long required for specific landing sites. A specific and complicated algorithm for this event is required. See United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA) Paper 2002/02.

Cross controlling

Roll rate, yaw rate, pitch rate, GS, accelerations

To detect an ‘out of balance’ flight. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Quick stop

GS (min and max), V/S, pitch

To identify inappropriate flight characteristics. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Flight — General

OEI — Air

OEI discreet, ground switch (similar)

To detect OEI conditions in flight.

Single engine flight

No 1 engine Tq, No 2 engine Tq

To detect single-engine flight.

Torque split

No 1 engine Tq, No 2 engine Tq

To identify engine-related issues.

Pilot event

Pilot event discreet

To identify when flight crews have depressed the pilot event button.

Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) traffic advisory (TA)

TCAS TA discreet

To identify TCAS alerts.

Training computer active

Training computer mode active or discreet

To identify when helicopter have been on training flights.

High/low rotor speed — power on

NR, Tq (ground switch (similar), IAS, GS)

To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed required to determine whether helicopter is airborne.

High/low rotor speed — power off

NR, Tq (ground switch (similar), IAS, GS)

To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed to determine whether helicopter is airborne.

Fuel content low

Fuel contents

To identify low-fuel alerts.

Helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) alert

HTAWS alerts discreet

To identify when HTAWS alerts have been activated.

Automatic voice alert device (AVAD) alert

AVAD discreet

To identify when AVAD alerts have been activated.

Bleed air system use during take-off (e.g. heating)

Bleed air system discreet, ground switch (similar), IAS

To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.

Rotors’ running duration

NR, elapsed time

To identify rotors’ running time for billing purposes.

Flight — Approach

Stable approach heading change

Magnetic heading, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position, elapsed time

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach pitch attitude

Pitch attitude, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach rod GS

Altitude rate, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach track change

Track, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach angle of bank

Roll attitude, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach — rod at specified height

Altitude rate, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach — IAS at specified height

IAS, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position

To identify unstable approaches.

Glideslope deviation above or below

Glideslope deviation

To identify inaccurately flown instrument landing system (ILS) approaches.

Localiser deviation left and right

Localiser deviation

To identify inaccurately flown ILS approaches.

Low turn to final

Elevation, GS, V/S, heading change

Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Premature turn to final

Elevation, GS, V/S, heading change

Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Stable approach — climb

IAS (min & max), V/S (min & max), elevation

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach — descent

IAS (min & max), V/S, elevation

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach — bank

IAS (min & max), V/S, elevation, roll

To identify unstable approaches.

Stable approach — late turn

Heading change, elevation, GS

To identify unstable approaches.

Go-around

Gear select (Rad Alt)

To identify missed approaches. Rad Alt for height limit.

Rate of descent on approach

Altitude rate, Rad Alt, Lat & Long, ground switch (similar)

To identify high rates of descent when at low level on approach. Rad Alt if below specified height, Lat & Long for specified location required.

Flight — Autopilot

Condition of autopilot in flight

Autopilot discreet

To detect flight without autopilot engaged; per channel for multichannel autopilots.

Autopilot engaged within 10 sec after take-off

Autopilot engaged discreet, elapsed time, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt

To identify inadvertent lift-off without autopilot engaged.

Autopilot engaged on ground (postflight or preflight)

Autopilot engaged discreet, elapsed time, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt

To identify inappropriate use of autopilot when on ground. Elapsed time required to allow for permissible short periods.

Excessive pitch attitude with autopilot engaged on ground (offshore)

Pitch attitude, autopilot discreet, ground switch (similar), Lat & Long

To identify potential for low NR when helicopter pitches on floating helideck.

Airspeed hold engaged — airspeed (departure or non-departure)

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt)

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

Airspeed hold engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)

Autopilot modes discreet, Rad Alt, (IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq)

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

Alt mode engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)

Autopilot modes discreet, Rad Alt, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, IAS)

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

Alt mode engaged — airspeed (departure or non-departure)

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt)

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

Heading mode engaged — speed

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

V/S mode active — below specified speed

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

VS mode engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (WOW, total Tq, Rad Alt)

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

Flight director (FD) engaged — speed

FD discreet, IAS

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

FD-coupled approach or take off — airspeed

FD discreet, IAS, ground switch (similar)

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

Go-around mode engaged — airspeed

Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

Flight without autopilot channels engaged

Autopilot channels

To detect flight without autopilot engaged; per channel for multichannel autopilots.

Ref.

Title

Description

Relevant key risk area as described in the Annex to Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/2034

Occurrence types as defined in Annex I to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1018 that are directly related to the precursor

Before take-off and after landing (onshore and offshore)

GND-01

Ground taxi, high power

Detect when excessive power is used during ground taxiing

Excursion

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

GND-02

Ground taxi, high speed

Detect when the helicopter is ground taxiing at high speed

Excursion

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

GND-03

Ground taxi, excessive inputs on the pedals

Detect when the pedals are used to excess on the ground (excludes control check prior to rotor start)

Excursion

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

GND-04

Ground taxi, high lateral acceleration

Detect high levels of lateral acceleration when ground taxiing, indicating high cornering speed

Excursion

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

GND-05

Ground taxi, high longitudinal acceleration

Detect high levels of longitudinal acceleration when ground taxiing, indicating excessive braking

Excursion

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

GND-06

Ground taxi, excessive cyclic position

Detect excessive movement of the rotor disc when running on the ground (excludes control check prior to rotor start)

Excursion

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-07

Ground taxi, excessive rate of cyclic

Detect an excessive rate of movement of cyclic control when running on the ground (excludes control check prior to rotor start

Excursion

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-08

Ground taxi, excessive roll

Detect the risk of a helicopter rollover when ground taxiing

Excursion

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-09

Ground taxi, high yaw rate

Detect when the helicopter yaws at a high rate during ground taxiing (could also catch ‘tight’ turns causing tyre scrubbing)

Excursion

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-10

Hover, high yaw rate

Detect when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when in a hover

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

GND-11

Air taxi, high speed

Detect when the helicopter is air taxiing at high speed

Excursion

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

GND-12

Pitch attitude limits

Detect when the helicopter is operated at the sloping ground limits or the moving helideck limits

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-13

Roll attitude limits

Detect when the helicopter is operated at the sloping ground limits or the moving helideck limits

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GND-14

Rotor brake applied early

Detect when the rotor brake is applied at excessive main rotor rotation speed

Ground damage

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

Flight — take-off and landing

TOL-01

Gear extension and retraction — airspeed

Detect when the landing gear is extended at excessive airspeed or retracted early (based on airspeed)

Other injuries

1.3(6) Actual or attempted take-off, approach or landing with incorrect configuration setting

TOL-02

Gear extension — distance

Detect when the landing gear is extended late (based on distance)

Other injuries

1.3(6) Actual or attempted take-off, approach or landing with incorrect configuration setting

TOL-03

Gear extension and retraction — height

Detect when the landing gear is extended late, or retracted early (based on height)

0ther injuries

1.3(6) Actual or attempted take-off, approach or landing with incorrect configuration setting

TOL-04

Cabin heater on (take-off and landing)

Detect use of engine bleed air during periods of high-power demand

Aircraft upset, terrain collision

1.3(6) Actual or attempted take-off, approach or landing with incorrect configuration setting

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

TOL-05

Heavy landing

Detect when hard/heavy landings take place

Excursion

1.3(12) Hard landing

TOL-06

Offshore landing with tailwind landing

Detect an offshore landing with a tailwind out of limits

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

TOL-07

High ground speed prior to touchdown

Detect ‘quick stop’ approaches

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

TOL-08

Rig take-off, rotation height outside take-off decision point limits

Detect a rotation height too low (risk of deck strike in the event of an engine failure) or too high (risk of heavy landing in the event of an engine failure) based on rotorcraft flight manual requirements for radio altimeter and SOPs

Collision on runway

Excursion

Obstacle collision in flight

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

TOL-09

Rig take-off, pitch attitude outside limits

Detect a pitch attitude too low (risk of deck strike in the event of an engine failure) or too high during offshore take-off

Collision on runway

Obstacle collision in flight

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

TOL-10

Rig take-off, pitch rate outside limits

Detect a pitch rate too low (risk of deck strike in the event of an engine failure) or too high during offshore take-off

Collision on runway

Obstacle collision in flight

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

Flight — speed

SPD-01

High airspeed with power

Detect limitation exceedance (maximum normal operating speed (VNO) / never exceed speed (VNE))

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

SPD-02

High airspeed without power

Identify limitation exceedance of power-off airspeed

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

SPD-03

High airspeed at low altitude

Detect excessive airspeed in low-level flight; also for bird strike prevention

Aircraft upset

Terrain collision

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

SPD-04

Low airspeed

Identify low airspeed in flight apart from take-off and landing

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

SPD-05

Low airspeed on departure

Detect low airspeed during departure climb

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

Flight — height

HGT-01

High altitude

Detect flight outside the published flight envelope

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

HGT-02

High rate of climb

Detect excessive rate of climb

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

HGT-03

High rate of descent

Detect excessive rate of descent

Aircraft upset

Terrain collision

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

HGT-04

High rate of descent at low speed

Detect high rate of descent at low speed

Aircraft upset

Terrain collision

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

HGT-05

Minimum altitude in autorotation

Detect a minimum altitude exceedance when practising autorotation at height

Terrain collision

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

Flight — attitude and controls

AAC-01

Excessive pitch attitude

Detect excessive pitch attitude during flight (can be height and/or speed limited)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-02

Excessive pitch rate

Detect excessive pitch rate in flight (can be height or speed limited)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-03

Excessive roll attitude

Detect excessive roll attitude in flight (can be height or speed limited)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-04

Excessive roll rate

Detect excessive roll rate in flight (can be height or speed limited)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-05

Excessive yaw rate

Detect excessive yaw rates in flight (can be height, speed or torque limited)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-06

Excessive cyclic input

Detect excessive cyclic control input in flight (lateral and longitudinal)

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-07

Excessive pedal input

Detect movement of the tail rotor pedals to extreme left and right positions in flight

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AAC-08

Excessive vertical acceleration

Detect excessive G loading of the rotor disc, both positive and negative, due to manoeuvring or turbulence or helideck heave

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

Flight — general

GEN-01

High outside air temperature

Detect when the helicopter is operated at the limits of outside air temperature including in hot gas

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GEN-02

One engine inoperative

Detect when one engine is inoperative in flight

Aircraft upset

2.1(3) Loss of redundancy of a system

GEN-03

Torque limits exceeded

Detect rotorcraft flight manual torque exceedances including five-minute take-off, maximum take-off, maximum continuous, etc., as appropriate

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GEN-04

Torque split

Detect a torque differential and hence possible engine-related issues

Aircraft upset

2.2 Propulsion (including engines, propellers and rotor systems) and auxiliary power units (APUs)

GEN-05

Rotor speed outside limits — power

Detect when main rotor speed is above or below limits in flight

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GEN-06

High rotor speed — power off

Detect high rotor speed with power off

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation

GEN-07

Fuel content low

Detect low-fuel alerts

Aircraft upset

4(8) Critically low fuel quantity or fuel quantity at destination below required final reserve fuel

GEN-08

Helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) / enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS) alert triggered

Detect when helicopter terrain awareness and warning system / enhanced ground proximity warning system alerts (including automatic voice alert device) have been activated and which mode

Terrain collision

5(3) Activation of genuine ground collision system such as GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System)/TAWS (Terrain Awareness and Warning System) ‘warning’

GEN-09

Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) traffic advisory or resolution advisory

Detect traffic collision avoidance system traffic or resolution advisory

Airborne collision

5(2) ACAS RA (Airborne Collision Avoidance System, Resolution Advisory)

Flight — approach and landing

APP-01

Low airspeed

Detect low airspeed on approach (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-02

High ground speed change

Detect excessive ground speed fluctuation on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-03

High ground speed

Detect high ground speed on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-04

Excessive pitch attitude

Detect high or low pitch on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-05

High pitch rate

Detect high pitch rate on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-06

High roll attitude

Detect excessive roll attitude on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-07

High roll rate

Detect high roll rate on approach and landing (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-08

Excessive altitude

Detect high or low altitude on approach relative to deck/runway (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-09

High rate of descent on approach

Detect high rates of descent on approach (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

Obstacle collision in flight

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

APP-10

High heading difference

Detect excessive difference between current heading and final approach heading (part of unstable approach); alternatively detect an unstable ground track

Aircraft upset

Obstacle collision in flight

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

APP-11

Glideslope deviation

Detect excessive glideslope deviation on instrument landing system approaches (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

Terrain collision

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

APP-12

Localiser deviation

Detect excessive localiser deviation on instrument landing system approaches (part of unstable approach)

Aircraft upset

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

APP-13

Go-around

Detect missed approaches

Excursion

Terrain collision

Aircraft upset

1.3(1) Taxiway or runway excursion

1.3(8) Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria

5(1) A collision or a near collision on the ground or in the air, with another aircraft, terrain or obstacle

Flight — automation

AUT-01

Stability augmentation system (SAS) / autopilot (AP) disengaged

Detect flight without SAS/AP engaged, per channel for multichannel SAS/AP

Aircraft upset

1.4(2) Aircraft upset, exceeding normal pitch attitude, bank angle or airspeed inappropriate for the conditions

AUT-02

SAS/AP disengaged on take-off

Detect inadvertent lift-off without SAS/AP engaged

Aircraft upset

1.3(6) Actual or attempted take-off, approach or landing with incorrect configuration setting

AUT-03

Higher modes engaged out of limits

Detect engagement of upper modes outside prescribed flight manual limits

Aircraft upset

1.4(6) Exceedance of aircraft flight manual limitation