ANNEX I (Part-FCL)

SUBPART C – PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL)

SECTION 1 – Common requirements

Regulation (EU) 2020/359

Applicants for a PPL shall be at least 17 years old.

Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

Applicants for the issue of a PPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test, as established in Subpart H.

FCL.210 Training course

Regulation (EU) 2020/359

(a) Applicants for a PPL shall complete a training course at an ATO or a DTO.

(b) The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges of the PPL applied for.

(c) Theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction may be completed at a DTO or at an ATO different from the one where applicants have commenced their training.

AMC1 FCL.210 PPL(A) Training course

ED Decision 2020/005/R

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE PPL(A)

(a) Entry to training

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying is permitted.

(b) Flight instruction

(1) The PPL(A) flight instruction syllabus takes into account the principles of threat and error management and also covers:

(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, aircraft inspection and servicing;

(ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and procedures;

(iii) control of the aircraft by external visual reference;

(iv) flight at critically low air speeds, recognition of, and recovery from, incipient and full stalls;

(v) flight at critically high air speeds, recognition of, and recovery from, spiral dive;

(vi) normal and crosswind take-offs and landings;

(vii) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) takeoffs, short-field landings;

(viii) light by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a level 180 ° turn;

(ix) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids;

(x) emergency operations, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions;

(xi) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services procedures, communication procedures and phraseology.

(2) Before allowing applicants for a PPL(A) to undertake their first solo flight, the FI should ensure that the applicants can use R/T communication and can operate the required systems and equipment.

(1) The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a broad instructional sequencing guide; therefore the demonstrations and practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:

(i) the applicant’s progress and ability;

(ii) the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(iii) the flight time available;

(iv) instructional technique considerations;

(v) the local operating environment;

(vi) applicability of the exercises to the aeroplane.

(2) Each of the exercises involves the need for the applicant to be aware of the needs of good airmanship and look-out, which should be emphasised at all times.

(i) Exercise 1a: Familiarisation with the aeroplane:

(A) characteristics of the aeroplane;

(B) cockpit layout;

(D) checklists, drills and controls.

(ii) Exercise 1b: Emergency drills:

(A) action if fire on the ground and in the air;

(B) engine cabin and electrical system fire;

(D) escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(iii) Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:

(A) flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptance;

(B) serviceability documents;

(D) external checks;

(E) internal checks;

(F) harness, seat or rudder panel adjustments;

(G) starting and warm-up checks;

(H) power checks;

(I) running down system checks and switching off the engine;

(J) parking, security and picketing (for example tie down);

(K) completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.

(iv) Exercise 3: Air experience: flight exercise.

(v) Exercise 4: Effects of controls:

(A) primary effects when laterally level and when banked;

(B) further effects of aileron and rudder;

(a) air speed;

(b) slipstream;

(d) trimming controls;

(e) flaps;

(f) other controls, as applicable.

(D) operation of:

(a) mixture control;

(b) carburettor heat;

(vi) Exercise 5a: Taxiing:

(A) pre-taxi checks;

(B) starting, control of speed and stopping;

(D) control of direction and turning;

(E) turning in confined spaces;

(F) parking area procedure and precautions;

(G) effects of wind and use of flying controls;

(H) effects of ground surface;

(I) freedom of rudder movement;

(J) marshalling signals;

(K) instrument checks;

(L) air traffic control procedures.

(vii) Exercise 5b: Emergencies: brake and steering failure.

(viii) Exercise 6: Straight and level:

(A) at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;

(B) flight at critically high air speeds;

(D) control in pitch, including use of trim;

(E) lateral level, direction and balance and trim;

(F) at selected air speeds (use of power);

(G) during speed and configuration changes;

(H) use of instruments for precision.

(ix) Exercise 7: Climbing:

(A) entry, maintaining the normal and max rate climb and levelling off;

(B) levelling off at selected altitudes;

(D) climbing with flap down;

(E) recovery to normal climb;

(F) maximum angle of climb;

(G) use of instruments for precision.

(x) Exercise 8: Descending:

(A) entry, maintaining and levelling off;

(B) levelling off at selected altitudes;

(D) side slipping (on suitable types);

(E) use of instruments for precision flight.

(xi) Exercise 9: Turning:

(A) entry and maintaining medium level turns;

(B) resuming straight flight;

(D) climbing turns;

(E) descending turns;

(F) faults in the turns (slipping and skidding on suitable types);

(G) turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass;

(H) use of instruments for precision.

(xii) Exercise 10a: Slow flight:

Note: the objective is to improve the student’s ability to recognise inadvertent flight at critically low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the aeroplane in balance while returning to normal air speed.

(A) safety checks;

(B) introduction to slow flight;

(D) application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal climb speed.

(xiii) Exercise 10b: Stalling:

(A) safety checks;

(B) symptoms;

(D) clean stall and recovery without power and with power;

(E) recovery when a wing drops;

(F) approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and without power and recovery at the incipient stage.

(xiv) Exercise 11: Spin avoidance:

(A) safety checks;

(B) stalling and recovery at the incipient spin stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45°);

Note 1: at least two hours of stall awareness and spin avoidance flight training should be completed during the course.

Note 2: consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane manual and mass and balance calculations.

(xv) Exercise 12: Take-off and climb to downwind position:

(A) pre-take-off checks;

(B) into wind take-off;

(D) crosswind take-off;

(E) drills during and after take-off;

(F) short take-off and soft field procedure/techniques including performance calculations;

(G) noise abatement procedures.

(xvi) Exercise 13: Circuit, approach and landing:

(A) circuit procedures, downwind and base leg;

(B) powered approach and landing;

(D) effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds and use of flaps;

(E) crosswind approach and landing;

(F) glide approach and landing;

(G) short landing and soft field procedures or techniques;

(H) flapless approach and landing;

(I) wheel landing (tail wheel aeroplanes);

(J) missed approach and go-around;

(K) noise abatement procedures.

(xvii) Exercise 12/13: Emergencies:

(A) abandoned take-off;

(B) engine failure after take-off;

(D) missed approach.

Note: in the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nose wheel aeroplanes to undergo dual conversion training before flying tail wheel aeroplanes, and vice-versa.

(xviii) Exercise 14: First solo:

(A) instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and de-briefing;

Note: during flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following should be revised:

(B) procedures for leaving and rejoining the circuit;

(D) use of radio aids for homing;

(E) urns using magnetic compass, compass errors.

(xix) Exercise 15: Advanced turning:

(A) steep turns (45°), level and descending;

(B) stalling in the turn and recovery;

(xx) Exercise 16: Forced landing without power:

(A) forced landing procedure;

(B) choice of landing area, provision for change of plan;

(D) descent plan;

(E) key positions;

(F) engine cooling;

(G) engine failure checks;

(H) use of radio;

(I) base leg;

(J) final approach;

(K) landing;

(L) actions after landing.

(xxi) Exercise 17: Precautionary landing:

(A) full procedure away from aerodrome to break-off height;

(B) occasions necessitating;

(D) landing area selection:

(a) normal aerodrome;

(b) disused aerodrome;

(E) circuit and approach;

(F) actions after landing.

(xxii) Exercise 18a: Navigation:

(A) flight planning:

(a) weather forecast and actuals;

(b) map selection and preparation:

(1) choice of route;

(2) controlled airspace;

(3) danger, prohibited and restricted areas;

(4) safety altitudes.

(1) magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(2) fuel consumption;

(3) mass and balance;

(4) mass and performance.

(d) flight information:

(1) NOTAMs etc.;

(2) radio frequencies;

(3) selection of alternate aerodromes.

(e) aeroplane documentation;

(f) notification of the flight:

(1) pre-flight administrative procedures;

(2) flight plan form.

(B) departure:

(a) organisation of cockpit workload;

(b) departure procedures:

(1) altimeter settings;

(2) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;

(3) setting heading procedure;

(4) noting of ETAs.

(d) revisions of ETA and heading;

(e) log keeping;

(f) use of radio;

(g) use of navaids;

(h) minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(i) in-flight decisions;

(j) transiting controlled or regulated airspace;

(k) diversion procedures;

(l) uncertainty of position procedure;

(m) lost procedure.

(a) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;

(b) altimeter setting;

(d) circuit procedures;

(e) parking;

(f) security of aeroplane;

(g) refuelling;

(h) closing of flight plan, if appropriate;

(i) post-flight administrative procedures.

(xxiii) Exercise 18b: Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility:

(A) actions before descending;

(B) hazards (for example obstacles and terrain);

(D) effects of wind and turbulence;

(E) vertical situational awareness (avoidance of controlled flight into terrain);

(F) avoidance of noise sensitive areas;

(G) joining the circuit;

(H) bad weather circuit and landing.

(xxiv) Exercise 18c: Radio navigation:

(A) use of GNSS:

(a) selection of waypoints;

(b) to or from indications and orientation;

(B) use of VHF omni range:

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) selection and identification;

(d) to or from indications and orientation;

(e) CDI;

(f) determination of radial;

(g) intercepting and maintaining a radial;

(h) VOR passage;

(i) obtaining a fix from two VORs.

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) selection and identification;

(d) homing.

(D) use of VHF/DF:

(a) availability, AIP, frequencies;

(b) R/T procedures and ATC liaison;

(E) use of en-route or terminal radar:

(a) availability and AIP;

(b) procedures and ATC liaison;

(d) secondary surveillance radar:

(1) transponders;

(2) code selection;

(3) interrogation and reply.

(F) use of DME:

(a) station selection and identification;

(b) modes of operation: distance, groundspeed and time to run.

(xxv) Exercise 19: Basic instrument flight:

(A) physiological sensations;

(B) instrument appreciation; attitude instrument flight;

(D) basic manoeuvres:

(a) straight and level at various air speeds and configurations;

(b) climbing and descending;

(d) recoveries from climbing and descending turns.

(d) BITD

(1) A BITD may be used for flight training for:

(i) flight by reference solely to instruments;

(ii) navigation using radio navigation aids;

(iii) basic instrument flight.

(2) The use of the BITD should be subject to the following:

(i) the training should be complemented by exercises on an aeroplane;

(ii) the record of the parameters of the flight must be available;

(iii) A FI(A) or STI(A) should conduct the instruction.

AMC2 FCL.210 PPL(H) – Training course

ED Decision 2020/005/R

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE PPL(H)

(a) Entry to training

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying is permitted.

(b) Ground instruction

Enhanced ground instruction in weather interpretation, planning and route assessment, decision making on encountering DVE including reversing course or conducting a precautionary landing.

(1) The PPL(H) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of threat and error management and cover:

(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing;

(ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and procedures;

(iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;

(iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover;

(v) emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type;

(vi) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot;

(vii) incipient vortex ring recognition and recovery;

(viii) touchdown autorotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits;

(ix) steep turns;

(x) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs;

(xi) limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and operations to and from unprepared sites;

(xii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a level 180° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud (this training may be conducted by an FI(H));

(xiii) cross-country flying by using visual reference, DR, GNNS and, where available, radio navigation aids; simulation of deteriorating weather conditions and actions to divert or conduct precautionary landing;

(xiv) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes; compliance with air traffic services procedures, communication procedures and phraseology.

(2) Before allowing applicants for a PPL(H) to undertake their first solo flight, the FI should ensure that the applicants can use R/T communication and can operate the required systems and equipment.

(3) Wherever possible, flight simulation should be used to demonstrate to student pilots the effects of flight into DVE and to enhance their understanding and need for avoidance of this potentially fatal flight regime.

(d) Syllabus of flight instruction

(i) the applicant’s progress and ability;

(ii) the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(iii) the flight time available;

(iv) instructional technique considerations;

(v) the local operating environment;

(vi) applicability of the exercises to the helicopter.

(2) Each of the exercises involves the need for the applicant to be aware of the needs of good airmanship and look-out, which should be emphasised at all times.

(i) Exercise 1a: Familiarisation with the helicopter:

(A) characteristics of the helicopter, external features;

(B) cockpit layout;

(D) checklists, procedures and controls.

(ii) Exercise 1b: Emergency procedures:

(A) action if fire on the ground and in the air;

(B) engine, cabin and electrical system fire;

(D) escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(iii) Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:

(A) flight authorisation and helicopter acceptance;

(B) serviceability documents;

(D) external checks;

(E) internal checks;

(F) seat, harness and flight controls adjustments;

(G) starting and warm-up checks clutch engagement and starting rotors;

(H) power checks;

(I) running down system checks and switching off the engine;

(J) parking, security and picketing;

(K) completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.

(iv) Exercise 3: Air experience:

(A) to introduce the student to rotary wing flight;

(B) flight exercise.

(v) Exercise 4: Effects of controls:

(A) function of flight controls, primary and secondary effect;

(B) effects of:

(a) air speed;

(b) power changes (torque);

(d) disc loading (bank and flare);

(e) controls of selecting hydraulics on/off

(f) control friction.

(D) use of carburettor heat or anti-icing control.

(vi) Exercise 5: Power and attitude changes:

(A) relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and air speed;

(B) flapback;

(D) power and air speed changes in level flight;

(E) use of instruments for precision;

(F) engine and air speed limitations.

(vii) Exercise 6: Straight and level:

(A) at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;

(B) control in pitch, including use of control friction or trim;

(D) setting power for selected air speeds and speed changes;

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(viii) Exercise 7: Climbing:

(A) optimum climb speed, best angle or rate of climb from power required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining the normal and maximum rate of climb, levelling off;

(D) use of instruments for precision.

(ix) Exercise 8: Descending:

(A) optimum descent speed, best angle or rate of descent from power required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining and levelling off;

(D) descent (including effect of power and air speed);

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(x) Exercise 9: Turning:

(A) initiation and maintaining medium level turns;

(B) resuming straight flight;

(D) climbing and descending turns and effect on rate of climb or descent;

(E) turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass;

(F) use of instruments for precision.

(xi) Exercise 10: Basic autorotation:

(A) safety checks, verbal warning and look-out;

(B) entry, development and characteristics;

(D) effect of AUM, IAS, disc loading, G forces and density altitude;

(E) re-engagement and go-around procedures (throttle over-ride or ERPM control);

(F) vortex condition during recovery;

(G) gentle and medium turns in autorotation;

(H) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xii) Exercise 11a: Hovering:

(A) demonstrate hover IGE, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground cushion, stability in the hover and effects of over controlling;

(B) student holding cyclic stick only;

(D) student handling collective lever, (throttle) and pedals;

(E) student handling all controls;

(F) demonstration of ground effect;

(G) demonstration of wind effect;

(H) demonstrate gentle forward running touchdown;

(I) specific hazards for example snow, dust and litter.

(xiii) Exercise 11b: Hover taxiing and spot turns:

(A) revise hovering;

(B) precise ground speed and height control;

(D) control and co-ordination during spot turns;

(E) carefully introduce gentle forward running touchdown.

(xiv) Exercise 11c: Hovering and taxiing emergencies:

(A) revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate where applicable) effect of hydraulics failure in the hover;

(B) demonstrate simulated engine failure in the hover and hover taxi;

(xv) Exercise 12: Take-off and landing:

(A) pre-take-off checks or drills;

(B) look-out;

(D) after take-off checks;

(E) danger of horizontal movement near ground;

(F) danger of mishandling and overpitching;

(G) landing (without sideways or backwards movement);

(H) after landing checks or drills;

(I) take-off and landing crosswind and downwind.

(xvi) Exercise 13: Transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover:

(A) look-out;

(B) revise take-off and landing;

(D) flapback and its effects;

(E) effect of wind speed and direction during transitions from or to the hover;

(F) the constant angle approach;

(G) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xvii) Exercise 14a: Circuit, approach and landing:

(A) revise transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover;

(B) circuit procedures, downwind and base leg;

(D) pre-landing checks;

(E) effect of wind on approach and IGE hover;

(F) crosswind approach and landing;

(G) go-around;

(H) noise abatement procedures.

(xviii) Exercise 14b: Steep and limited power approaches and landings:

(A) revise the constant angle approach;

(B) the steep approach (explain danger of high sink rate and low air speed)

(D) use of the ground effect;

(E) variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xix) Exercise 14c: Emergency procedures:

(A) abandoned take-off;

(B) missed approach and go-around;

(D) tail rotor control or tail rotor drive failure (briefing only)

(E) simulated emergencies in the circuit to include:

(a) hydraulics failure;

(b) simulated engine failure on take-off, crosswind, downwind and base leg;

(xx) Exercise 15: First solo:

(A) instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and debriefing;

(B) warn of change of attitude from reduced and laterally displaced weight;

(D) warn of dangers of loss of RRPM and overpitching;

(E) pre-take-off checks;

(F) into wind take-off;

(G) procedures during and after take-off;

(H) normal circuit, approaches and landings;

(I) action if an emergency.

(xxi) Exercise 16: Sideways and backwards hover manoeuvring:

(A) manoeuvring sideways flight heading into wind;

(B) manoeuvring backwards flight heading into wind;

(D) manoeuvring sideways and backwards and heading out of wind;

(E) stability and weather cocking;

(F) recovery from backwards manoeuvring (pitch nose down);

(G) limitations for sideways and backwards manoeuvring.

(xxii) Exercise 17: Spot turns:

(A) revise hovering into wind and downwind;

(B) turn on spot through 360°:

(a) around pilots position;

(b) around tail rotor;

(d) square and safe visibility clearing turn.

(xxiii) Exercise 18: Hover OGE and vortex ring:

(A) establishing hover OGE;

(B) drift, height or power control;

(D) loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

(xxiv) Exercise 19: Simulated EOL:

(A) the effect of weight, disc loading, density attitude and RRPM decay;

(B) revise basic autorotation entry;

(D) variable flare simulated EOL;

(E) demonstrate constant attitude simulated EOL;

(F) demonstrate simulated EOL from hover or hover taxi;

(G) demonstrate simulated EOL from transition and low level.

(xxv) Exercise 20: Advanced autorotation:

(A) over a selected point at various height and speed;

(B) revise basic autorotation: note ground distance covered;

(D) low speed autorotation;

(E) constant attitude autorotation (terminate at safe altitude);

(F) ‘S’ turns;

(G) turns through 180° and 360°;

(H) effects on angles of descent, IAS, RRPM and effect of AUM.

(xxvi) Exercise 21: Practice forced landings:

(A) procedure and choice of the forced landing area;

(B) forced landing checks and crash action;

(xxvii) Exercise 22: Steep turns:

(A) steep (level) turns (30° bank);

(B) maximum rate turns (45° bank if possible);

(D) faults in the turn: balance, attitude, bank and co-ordination;

(E) RRPM control and disc loading;

(F) vibration and control feedback;

(G) effect of wind at low level.

(xxviii) Exercise 23: Transitions:

(A) revise ground effect, translational lift and flapback;

(B) maintaining constant height, (20-30 ft AGL);

(D) demonstrate effect of wind.

(xxix) Exercise 24: Quick stops:

(A) use of power and controls;

(B) effect of wind;

(D) quick stops from crosswind and downwind terminating into wind;

(E) danger of vortex ring;

(F) danger of high disc loading.

(xxx) Exercise 25a: Navigation:

(A) flight planning:

(a) weather forecast and actuals;

(b) map selection and preparation and use;

(1) choice of route:

(2) controlled airspace, danger and prohibited areas;

(3) safety altitudes and noise abatement considerations.

(1) magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(2) fuel consumption;

(3) mass and balance.

(d) flight information:

(1) NOTAMs, etc.;

(2) radio frequencies;

(e) helicopter documentation;

(f) notification of the flight:

(1) pre-flight administrative procedures;

(2) flight plan form (where appropriate).

(B) departure:

(a) organisation of cockpit workload;

(b) departure procedures:

(1) altimeter settings;

(2) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;

(3) setting heading procedure;

(4) noting of ETAs.

(d) revisions of ETA and heading:

(1) 10° line, double track and track error and closing angle;

(2) 1 in 60 rule;

(3) amending an ETA.

(e) log keeping;

(f) use of radio;

(g) use of navaids (if fitted);

(h) minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(i) in-flight decisions;

(j) transiting controlled or regulated airspace;

(k) uncertainty of position procedure;

(l) lost procedure.

(a) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;

(b) altimeter setting;

(d) circuit procedures.

(e) parking;

(f) security of helicopter;

(g) refuelling;

(h) closing of flight plan (if appropriate);

(i) post-flight administrative procedures.

(xxxi) Exercise 25b: Navigation problems at low heights and in reduced visibility:

(A) actions before descending;

(B) hazards (for example obstacles and other aircraft);

(D) effects of wind and turbulence;

(E) avoidance of noise sensitive areas;

(F) actions in the event of encountering DVE;

(G) decision to divert or conduct precautionary landing;

(H) bad weather circuit and landing;

(I) appropriate procedures and choice of landing area;

(J) precautionary landing.

(xxxii) Exercise 25c: Radio navigation:

(A) use of GNSS:

(a) selection of waypoints;

(b) to or from indications and orientation;

(d) hazards of over-reliance on the use of GNSS in the continuation of flight in DVE.

(B) use of VHF omni range:

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) selection and identification;

(d) to or from indications and orientation;

(e) CDI;

(f) determination of radial;

(g) intercepting and maintaining a radial;

(h) VOR passage;

(i) obtaining a fix from two VORs.

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) selection and identification;

(d) homing.

(D) use of VHF/DF:

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) RTF procedures and ATC liaison;

(E) use of en-route or terminal radar:

(a) availability and AIP;

(b) procedures and ATC liaison;

(d) secondary surveillance radar (if transponder fitted):

(1) transponders;

(2) code selection;

(3) interrogation and reply.

(F) use of DME:

(a) station selection and identification;

(b) modes of operation: distance, groundspeed and time to run.

(xxxiii) Exercise 26: Advanced take-off, landings and transitions:

(A) landing and take-off out of wind (performance reduction);

(B) ground effect, translational lift and directional stability variation when out of wind;

(D) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(E) running take-off;

(F) cushion creep take-off;

(G) reconnaissance of landing site;

(H) running landing;

(I) zero speed landing;

(J) crosswind and downwind landings;

(K) steep approach;

(L) go-around.

(xxxiv) Exercise 27: Sloping ground:

(A) limitations and assessing slope angle;

(B) wind and slope relationship: blade and control stops;

(D) ground effect on slope and power required;

(E) right skid up slope;

(F) left skid up slope;

(G) nose up slope;

(H) avoidance of dynamic roll over, dangers of soft ground and sideways movement on touchdown;

(I) danger of striking main or tail rotor by harsh control movement near ground.

(xxxv) Exercise 28: Limited power:

(A) take-off power check;

(B) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(D) running landing;

(E) zero speed landing;

(F) approach to low hover;

(G) approach to hover;

(H) approach to hover OGE;

(I) steep approach;

(J) go-around.

(xxxvi) Exercise 29: Confined areas:

(A) landing capability and performance assessment;

(B) locating landing site and assessing wind speed and direction;

(D) select markers;

(E) select direction and type of approach;

(F) circuit;

(G) approach to committed point and go-around;

(H) approach;

(I) clearing turn;

(J) landing;

(K) power check and performance assessment in and out of ground effect;

(L) normal take-off to best angle of climb speed;

(M) vertical take-off from hover.

(xxxvii) Exercise 30: Basic instrument flight:

(A) physiological sensations;

(B) instrument appreciation:

(a) attitude instrument flight;

(b) instrument scan.

(D) basic manoeuvres:

(a) straight and level at various air speeds and configurations;

(b) climbing and descending;

(E) recoveries from climbing and descending turns;

(F) recoveries from unusual attitudes.

AMC1 FCL.210(c) Training course

ED Decision 2018/009/R

CHANGE OF TRAINING ORGANISATION

In cases where the applicant completes the training course (theoretical knowledge instruction or flight instruction) at a different DTO or ATO (‘completing training organisation’) from the one where they have started the training course (‘starting training organisation’), the applicant should request from the starting training organisation a copy of the records kept in accordance with point DTO.GEN.220 or point ORA.ATO.120

FCL.215 Theoretical knowledge examination

Regulation (EU) 2020/359

Applicants for a PPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted through examinations in the following subjects:

(a) common subjects:

— Air law,

— Human performance,

— Meteorology,

— Communications, and

— Navigation.

(b) specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories:

— Principles of flight,

— Operational procedures,

— Flight performance and planning, and

— Aircraft general knowledge.

AMC1 FCL.210; FCL.215 Training course and theoretical knowledge examination

ED Decision 2020/005/R

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PPL(A) AND PPL(H)

The following tables contain the syllabi for the courses of theoretical knowledge, as well as for the theoretical knowledge examinations for the PPL(A) and PPL(H). The training and examination should cover aspects related to non-technical skills in an integrated manner, taking into account the particular risks associated to the licence and the activity.

The DTO or the ATO responsible for the training should check if all the appropriate elements of the training course of theoretical knowledge instruction have been completed to a satisfactory standard before recommending the applicant for the examination.

The applicable items for each licence are marked with ‘x’. An ‘x’ on the main title of a subject means that all the sub-divisions are applicable.

		Aeroplane		Helicopter
		PPL	Bridge course	PPL	Bridge course
1.	AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
	International law: conventions, agreements and organisations
	The Convention on international civil aviation (Chicago) Doc. 7300/6
	Part I Air Navigation: relevant parts of the following chapters: (a) general principles and application of the convention; (b) flight over territory of Contracting States; (c) nationality of aircraft; (d) measures to facilitate air navigation; (e) conditions to be fulfilled on aircraft; (f) international standards and recommended practices; (g) validity of endorsed certificates and licences; (h) notification of differences.	x		x
	Part II The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO): objectives and composition	x		x
	Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft
	Foreword and definitions	x		x
	Certificate of airworthiness	x		x
	Annex 7: Aircraft nationality and registration marks
	Foreword and definitions	x		x
	Common- and registration marks	x		x
	Certificate of registration and aircraft nationality	x		x
	Annex 1: Personnel licensing
	Definitions	x		x
	Relevant parts of Annex 1 connected to Part-FCL and Part-Medical	x		x
	Annex 2: Rules of the air
	Essential definitions, applicability of the rules of the air, general rules (except water operations), visual flight rules, signals and interception of civil aircraft	x		x
	Procedures for air navigation: aircraft operations doc. 8168-ops/611, volume 1
	Altimeter setting procedures (including IACO doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)
	Basic requirements (except tables), procedures applicable to operators and pilots (except tables)	x		x
	Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)
	Operation of transponders	x		x
	Phraseology	x		x
	Annex 11: Doc. 4444 air traffic management
	Definitions	x		x
	General provisions for air traffic services	x		x
	Visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes	x		x
	Procedures for aerodrome control services	x		x
	Radar services	x		x
	Flight information service and alerting service	x		x
	Phraseologies	x		x
	Procedures related to emergencies, communication failure and contingencies	x		x
	Annex 15: Aeronautical information service
	Introduction, essential definitions	x		x
	AIP, NOTAM, AIRAC and AIC	x		x
	Annex 14, volume 1 and 2: Aerodromes
	Definitions	x		x
	Aerodrome data: conditions of the movement area and related facilities	x		x
	Visual aids for navigation: (a) indicators and signalling devices; (b) markings; (c) lights; (d) signs; (e) markers.	x		x
	Visual aids for denoting obstacles: (a) marking of objects; (b) lighting of objects.	x		x
	Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas	x		x
	Emergency and other services: (a) rescue and fire fighting; (b) apron management service.	x		x
	Annex 12: Search and rescue
	Essential definitions	x		x
	Operating procedures: (a) procedures for PIC at the scene of an accident; (b) procedures for PIC intercepting a distress transmission; (c) search and rescue signals.	x		x
	Search and rescue signals: (a) signals with surface craft; (b) ground or air visual signal code; (c) air or ground signals.	x		x
	Annex 17: Security
	General: aims and objectives	x		x
	Annex 13: Aircraft accident investigation
	Essential definitions	x		x
	Applicability	x		x
	National law
	National law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and relevant EU regulations.	x		x
2.	HUMAN PERFORMANCE
	Human factors: basic concepts
	Human factors in aviation
	Becoming a competent pilot	x		x
	Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance
	The atmosphere: (a) composition; (b) gas laws.	x		x
	Respiratory and circulatory systems: (a) oxygen requirement of tissues; (b) functional anatomy; (c) main forms of hypoxia (hypoxic and anaemic): (1) sources, effects and countermeasures of carbon monoxide; (2) counter measures and hypoxia; (3) symptoms of hypoxia. (d) hyperventilation; (e) the effects of accelerations on the circulatory system; (f) hypertension and coronary heart disease.	x		x
	Man and environment
	Central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems	x		x
	Vision: (a) functional anatomy; (b) visual field, foveal and peripheral vision; (c) binocular and monocular vision; (d) monocular vision cues; (e) night vision; (f) visual scanning and detection techniques and importance of ‘look-out’; (g) defective vision.	x		x
	Hearing: (a) descriptive and functional anatomy; (b) flight related hazards to hearing; (c) hearing loss.	x		x
	Equilibrium: (a) functional anatomy; (b) motion and acceleration; (c) motion sickness.	x		x
	Integration of sensory inputs: (a) spatial disorientation: forms, recognition and avoidance;	x		x
	(b) illusions: forms, recognition and avoidance: (1) physical origin; (2) physiological origin; (3) psychological origin. (c) approach and landing problems.
	Health and hygiene
	Personal hygiene: personal fitness	x		x
	Body rhythm and sleep: (a) rhythm disturbances; (b) symptoms, effects and management.	x		x
	Problem areas for pilots: (a) common minor ailments including cold, influenza and gastro-intestinal upset; (b) entrapped gases and barotrauma, (scuba diving); (c) obesity; (d) food hygiene; (e) infectious diseases; (f) nutrition; (g) various toxic gases and materials.	x		x
	Intoxication:	x		x
	(a) prescribed medication; (b) tobacco; (c) alcohol and drugs; (d) caffeine; (e) self-medication.
	Basic aviation psychology
	Human information processing
	Attention and vigilance: (a) selectivity of attention; (b) divided attention.	x		x
	Perception: (A) perceptual illusions; (B) subjectivity of perception; (C) processes of perception.	x		x
	Memory: (a) sensory memory; (b) working or short term memory; (c) long term memory to include motor memory (skills).	x		x
	Human error and reliability
	Reliability of human behaviour	x		x
	Error generation: social environment (group, organisation)	x		x
	Decision making
	Decision-making concepts:	x		x
	(a) structure (phases);
	(b) limits; (c) risk assessment; (d) practical application.
	Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit management
	Safety awareness: (a) risk area awareness; (b) situational awareness.	x		x
	Communication: verbal and non-verbal communication	x		x
	Human behaviour
	Personality and attitudes: (a) development; (b) environmental influences.	x		x
	Identification of hazardous attitudes (error proneness)	x		x
	Human overload and underload
	Arousal	x		x
	Stress: (a) definition(s); (b) anxiety and stress; (c) effects of stress.	x		x
	Fatigue and stress management: (a) types, causes and symptoms of fatigue; (b) effects of fatigue; (c) coping strategies; (d) management techniques; (e) health and fitness programmes;	x		x
3.	METEOROLOGY
	The atmosphere
	Composition, extent and vertical division
	Structure of the atmosphere Troposphere	x		x
	Structure of the atmosphere Troposphere	x		x
	Air temperature
	Definition and units Vertical distribution of temperature Transfer of heat Lapse rates, stability and instability Development of inversions and types of inversions	x		x
		x		x
		x		x
		x		x
		x		x
	Temperature near the earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal and seasonal variation, effect of clouds and effect of wind	x		x
	Atmospheric pressure
	Barometric pressure and isobars	x		x
	Pressure variation with height Reduction of pressure to mean sea level Relationship between surface pressure centres and pressure centres aloft	x		x
		x		x
		x		x
	Air density
	Relationship between pressure, temperature and density	x		x
	ISA
	ICAO standard atmosphere	x		x
	Altimetry
	Terminology and definitions Altimeter and altimeter settings Calculations Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography	x		x
		x		x
		x		x
		x		x
	Wind
	Definition and measurement of wind
	Definition and measurement	x		x
	Primary cause of wind
	Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force and gradient wind	x		x
	Variation of wind in the friction layer Effects of convergence and divergence	x		x
		x		x
	General global circulation
	General circulation around the globe	x		x
	Local winds
	Anabatic and katabatic winds, mountain and valley winds, Venturi effects, land and sea breezes	x		x
	Mountain waves (standing waves, lee waves)
	Origin and characteristics	x		x
	Turbulence
	Description and types of turbulence	x		x
	Formation and location of turbulence	x		x
	THERMODYNAMICS
	Humidity
	Water vapour in the atmosphere	x		x
	Mixing ratio	x		x
	Temperature/dew point, relative humidity	x		x
	Change of state of aggregation
	Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, freezing and melting, latent heat	x		x
	Adiabatic processes
	Adiabatic processes, stability of the atmosphere	x		x
	CLOUDS AND FOG
	Cloud formation and description
	Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection	x		x
	Cloud types and cloud classification	x		x
	Influence of inversions on cloud development	x		x
	Fog, mist, haze
	General aspects	x		x
	Radiation fog	x		x
	Advection fog	x		x
	Steaming fog	x		x
	Frontal fog	x		x
	Orographic fog (hill fog)	x		x
	PRECIPITATION
	Development of precipitation
	Processes of development of precipitation	x		x
	Types of precipitation
	Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types	x		x
	AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
	Air masses
	Description, classification and source regions of air masses	x		x
	Modifications of air masses	x		x
	Fronts
	General aspects	x		x
	Warm front, associated clouds, and weather	x		x
	Cold front, associated clouds, and weather	x		x
	Warm sector, associated clouds, and weather	x		x
	Weather behind the cold front	x		x
	Occlusions, associated clouds, and weather	x		x
	Stationary front, associated clouds, and weather	x		x
	Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle	x		x
	Changes of meteorological elements at a frontal wave	x		x
	PRESSURE SYSTEMS
	Anticyclone
	Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence	x		x
	Non-frontal depressions
	Thermal, orographic and polar depressions, troughs	x		x
	CLIMATOLOGY
	Climatic zones
	General seasonal circulation in the troposphere	x		x
	Typical weather situations in the mid-latitudes
	Westerly situation	x		x
	High-pressure area	x		x
	Flat-pressure pattern	x		x
	Local winds and associated weather
	e.g. Foehn	x		x
	FLIGHT HAZARDS
	Icing
	Conditions for ice accretion	x		x
	Types of ice accretion	x		x
	Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance	x		x
	Turbulence
	Effects on flight, avoidance	x		x
	Wind shear
	Definition of wind shear	x		x
	Weather conditions for wind shear	x		x
	Effects on flight, avoidance	x		x
	Thunderstorms
	Conditions for, and process of, development, forecast, location, type specification	x		x
	Structure of thunderstorms, life cycle, squall lines, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges	x		x
	Electrical discharges
	Development and effects of downbursts	x		x
	Thunderstorm avoidance	x		x
	Inversions
	Influence on aircraft performance	x		x
	Hazards in mountainous areas
	Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal passage	x		x
	Vertical movements, mountain waves, wind shear, turbulence, ice accretion	x		x
	Development and effect of valley inversions	x		x
	Visibility-reducing phenomena
	Reduction of visibility caused by precipitation and obscuration	x		x
	Reduction of visibility caused by other phenomena	x		x
	METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
	Observation
	Surface observations	x		x
	Radiosonde observations	x		x
	Satellite observations	x		x
	Weather radar observations	x		x
	Aircraft observations and reporting	x		x
	Weather charts
	Significant weather charts	x		x
	Surface charts	x		x
	Information for flight planning
	Aviation weather messages	x		x
	Meteorological broadcasts for aviation	x		x
	Use of meteorological documents	x		x
	Meteorological warnings	x		x
	Meteorological services
	World area forecast system (WAFS) and meteorological offices	x		x
4.	COMMUNICATIONS
	VFR COMMUNICATIONS
	Definitions
	Meanings and significance of associated terms	x		x
	ATS abbreviations	x		x
	Q-code groups commonly used in RTF airground communications	x		x
	Categories of messages	x		x
	General operating procedures
	Transmission of letters	x		x
	Transmission of numbers (including level information)	x		x
	Transmission of time	x		x
	Transmission technique	x		x
	Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)	x		x
	R/T call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs	x		x
	R/T call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs	x		x
	Transfer of communication	x		x
	Test procedures including readability scale	x		x
	Read back and acknowledgement requirements	x		x
	Relevant weather information terms (VFR)
	Aerodrome weather	x		x
	Weather broadcast	x		x
	Action required to be taken in case of communication failure	x		x
	Distress and urgency procedures
	Distress (definition, frequencies, watch of distress frequencies, distress signal and distress message)	x		x
	Urgency (definition, frequencies, urgency signal and urgency message)	x		x
	General principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies	x		x
5.	PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
5.1.	PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: AEROPLANE
	Subsonic aerodynamics
	Basics concepts, laws and definitions
	Laws and definitions:	x	x
	(a) conversion of units; (b) Newton´s laws; (c) Bernoulli’s equation and venture; (d) static pressure, dynamic pressure and total pressure; (e) density; (f) IAS and TAS.
	Basics about airflow: (a) streamline; (b) two-dimensional airflow; (c) three-dimensional airflow.	x	x
	Aerodynamic forces on surfaces: (a) resulting airforce; (b) lift; (c) drag; (d) angle of attack.	x	x
	Shape of an aerofoil section: (a) thickness to chord ratio; (b) chord line; (c) camber line; (d) camber; (e) angle of attack.	x	x
	The wing shape: (a) aspect ratio; (b) root chord; (c) tip chord; (d) tapered wings; (e) wing planform.	x	x
	The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil
	Streamline pattern	x	x
	Stagnation point	x	x
	Pressure distribution	x	x
	Centre of pressure	x	x
	Influence of angle of attack	x	x
	Flow separation at high angles of attack	x	x
	The lift – α graph	x	x
	The coefficients
	The lift coefficient C_l: the lift formula	x	x
	The drag coefficient C_d:the drag formula	x	x
	The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage
	Streamline pattern: (a) span-wise flow and causes; (b) tip vortices and angle of attack; (c) upwash and downwash due to tip vortices; (d) wake turbulence behind an aeroplane (causes, distribution and duration of the phenomenon).	x	x
	Induced drag: (a) influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack; (b) the induced local α; (c) influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of the lift vector; (d) induced drag and angle of attack.	x	x
	Drag
	The parasite drag: (a) pressure drag; (b) interference drag; (c) friction drag.	x	x
	The parasite drag and speed	x	x
	The induced drag and speed	x	x
	The total drag	x	x
	The ground effect
	Effect on take off and landing characteristics of an aeroplane	x	x
	The stall
	Flow separation at increasing angles of attack: (a) the boundary layer: (1) laminar layer; (2) turbulent layer; (3) transition. (b) separation point; (c) influence of angle of attack; (d) influence on: (1) pressure distribution; (2) location of centre of pressure; (3) C_L; (4) C_D; (5) pitch moments. (e) buffet; (f) use of controls.	x	x
	The stall speed: (a) in the lift formula; (b) 1g stall speed; (c) influence of: (1) the centre of gravity; (2) power setting; (3) altitude (IAS); (4) wing loading; (5) load factor n: (i) definition; (ii) turns; (iii) forces.	x	x
	The initial stall in span-wise direction: (a) influence of planform; (b) geometric twist (wash out); (c) use of ailerons.	x	x
	Stall warning: (a) importance of stall warning; (b) speed margin; (c) buffet; (d) stall strip; (e) flapper switch; (f) recovery from stall.	x	x
	Special phenomena of stall: (a) the power-on stall; (b) climbing and descending turns; (c) t-tailed aeroplane; (d) avoidance of spins: (1) spin development; (2) spin recognition; (3) spin recovery. (e) ice (in stagnation point and on surface): (1) absence of stall warning; (2) abnormal behaviour of the aircraft during stall.	x	x
	CL augmentation
	Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and landing: (a) influence on C_L - α-graph; (b) different types of flaps; (c) flap asymmetry; (d) influence on pitch movement.	x	x
	Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and landing	x	x
	The boundary layer
	Different types: (a) laminar; (b) turbulent.	x	x
	Special circumstances
	Ice and other contamination: (a) ice in stagnation point; (b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice); (c) rain; (d) contamination of the leading edge; (e) effects on stall; (f) effects on loss of controllability; (g) effects on control surface moment; (h) influence on high lift devices during takeoff, landing and low speeds.	x	x
	Stability
	Condition of equilibrium in steady horizontal flight
	Precondition for static stability	x	x
	Equilibrium: (a) lift and weight; (b) drag and thrust.	x	x
	Methods of achieving balance
	Wing and empennage (tail and canard)	x	x
	Control surfaces	x	x
	Ballast or weight trim	x	x
	Static and dynamic longitudinal stability
	Basics and definitions: (a) static stability, positive, neutral and negative; (b) precondition for dynamic stability; (c) dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative.	x	x
	Location of centre of gravity: (a) aft limit and minimum stability margin; (b) forward position; (c) effects on static and dynamic stability.	x	x
	Dynamic lateral or directional stability
	Spiral dive and corrective actions	x	x
	Control
	General
	Basics, the three planes and three axis	x	x
	Angle of attack change	x	x
	Pitch control
	Elevator	x	x
	Downwash effects	x	x
	Location of centre of gravity	x	x
	Yaw control
	Pedal or rudder	x	x
	Roll control
	Ailerons: function in different phases of flight	x	x
	Adverse yaw	x	x
	Means to avoid adverse yaw: (a) frise ailerons; (b) differential ailerons deflection.	x	x
	Means to reduce control forces
	Aerodynamic balance: (a) balance tab and anti-balance tab; (b) servo tab.	x	x
	Mass balance
	Reasons to balance: means	x	x
	Trimming
	Reasons to trim	x	x
	Trim tabs	x	x
	Limitations
	Operating limitations
	Flutter	x	x
	v_fe	x	x
	v_no, v_ne	x	x
	Manoeuvring envelope
	Manoeuvring load diagram: (a) load factor; (b) accelerated stall speed; (c) v_a; (d) manoeuvring limit load factor or certification category.	x	x
	Contribution of mass	x	x
	Gust envelope
	Gust load diagram	x	x
	Factors contributing to gust loads	x	x
	Propellers
	Conversion of engine torque to thrust
	Meaning of pitch	x	x
	Blade twist	x	x
	Effects of ice on propeller	x	x
	Engine failure or engine stop
	Windmilling drag	x	x
	Moments due to propeller operation
	Torque reaction	x	x
	Asymmetric slipstream effect	x	x
	Asymmetric blade effect	x	x
	Flight mechanics
	Forces acting on an aeroplane
	Straight horizontal steady flight	x	x
	Straight steady climb	x	x
	Straight steady descent	x	x
	Straight steady glide	x	x
	Steady coordinated turn: (a) bank angle; (b) load factor; (c) turn radius; (d) rate one turn.	x	x
5.2.	PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: HELICOPTER
	Subsonic aerodynamics
	Basic concepts, laws and definitions			x	x
	Conversion of units			x	x
	Definitions and basic concepts about air:			x	x
	(a) the atmosphere and International Standard Atmosphere; (b) density; (c) influence of pressure and temperature on density.
	Newton’s laws: (a) Newton’s second law: Momentum equation; (b) Newton’s third law: action and reaction.			x	x
	Basic concepts about airflow: (a) steady airflow and unsteady airflow; (b) Bernoulli’s equation; (c) static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure and stagnation point; (d) TAS and IAS; (e) two-dimensional airflow and three-dimensional airflow; (f) viscosity and boundary layer.			x	x
	Two-dimensional airflow			x	x
	Aerofoil section geometry: (a) aerofoil section; (b) chord line, thickness and thickness to chord ratio of a section; (c) camber line and camber; (d) symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils sections.			x	x
	Aerodynamic forces on aerofoil elements: (a) angle of attack; (b) pressure distribution; (c) lift and lift coefficient (d) relation lift coefficient: angle of attack; (e) profile drag and drag coefficient; (f) relation drag coefficient: angle of attack; (g) resulting force, centre of pressure and pitching moment.			x	x
	Stall: (a) boundary layer and reasons for stalling; (b) variation of lift and drag as a function of angle of attack; (c) displacement of the centre of pressure and pitching moment.			x	x
	Disturbances due to profile contamination: (a) ice contamination; (b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice).			x	x
	The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage			x	x
	The wing:			x	x
	(a) planform, rectangular and tapered wings;
	(b) wing twist.
	Airflow pattern and influence on lift:			x	x
	(a) span wise flow on upper and lower surface; (b) tip vortices; (c) span-wise lift distribution.
	Induced drag: causes and vortices			x	x
	The airflow round a fuselage: (a) components of a fuselage; (b) parasite drag; (c) variation with speed.			x	x
	Transonic aerodynamics and compressibility effects
	Airflow velocities			x	x
	Airflow speeds: (a) speed of sound; (b) subsonic, high subsonic and supersonic flows.			x	x
	Shock waves: (a) compressibility and shock waves; (b) the reasons for their formation at upstream high subsonic airflow; (c) their effect on lift and drag.			x	x
	Influence of wing planform: sweep-angle			x	x
	Rotorcraft types			x	x
	Rotorcraft			x	x
	Rotorcraft types: (a) autogyro; (b) helicopter.			x	x
	Helicopters			x	x
	Helicopters configurations: the single main rotor helicopter			x	x
	The helicopter, characteristics and associated terminology: (a) general lay-out, fuselage, engine and gearbox; (b) tail rotor, fenestron and NOTAR;			x	x
	(c) engines (reciprocating and turbo shaft engines); (d) power transmission;
	(e) rotor shaft axis, rotor hub and rotor blades; (f) rotor disc and rotor disc area; (g) teetering rotor (two blades) and rotors with more than two blades;
	(h) skids and wheels; (i) helicopter axes and fuselage centre line;
	(j) roll axis, pitch axis and normal or yaw axis; (k) gross mass, gross weight and disc loading.
	Main rotor aerodynamics			x	x
	Hover flight outside ground effect			x	x
	Airflow through the rotor discs and round the blades: (a) circumferential velocity of the blade sections; (b) induced airflow, through the disc and downstream; (c) downward fuselage drag; (d) equilibrium of rotor thrust, weight and fuselage drag; (e) rotor disc induced power; (f) relative airflow to the blade; (g) pitch angle and angle of attack of a blade section; (h) lift and profile drag on the blade element; (i) resulting lift and thrust on the blade and rotor thrust; (j) collective pitch angle changes and necessity of blade feathering; (k) required total main rotor-torque and rotor-power; (l) influence of the air density.			x	x
	Anti-torque force and tail rotor: (a) force of tail rotor as a function of main rotor-torque; (b) anti-torque rotor power; (c) necessity of blade feathering of tail rotor blades and yaw pedals.			x	x
	Maximum hover altitude OGE: (a) total power required and power available; (b) maximum hover altitude as a function of pressure altitude and OAT.			x	x
	Vertical climb			x	x
	Relative airflow and angles of attack:			x	x
	(a) climb velocity V_C, induced and relative velocity and angle of attack; (b) collective pitch angle and blade feathering.
	Power and vertical speed: (a) induced power, climb power and profile power;			x	x
	(b) total main rotor power and main rotor torque;
	(c) tail rotor power;
	(d) total power requirement in vertical flight.
	Forward flight			x	x
	Airflow and forces in uniform inflow distribution: (a) assumption of uniform inflow distribution on rotor disc; (b) advancing blade (90°) and retreating blade (270°); (c) airflow velocity relative to the blade sections, area of reverse flow; (d) lift on the advancing and retreating blades at constant pitch angles; (e) necessity of cyclic pitch changes; (f) compressibility effects on the advancing blade tip and speed limitations; (g) high angle of attack on the retreating blade, blade stall and speed limitations; (h) thrust on rotor disc and tilt of thrust vector; (i) vertical component of the thrust vector and gross weight equilibrium; (j) horizontal component of the thrust vector and drag equilibrium.			x	x
	The flare (power flight):			x	x
	(a) thrust reversal and increase in rotor thrust; (b) increase of rotor RPM on non governed rotor.
	Power and maximum speed: (a) induced power as a function of helicopter speed; (b) rotor profile power as a function of helicopter speed; (c) fuselage drag and parasite power as a function of forward speed; (d) tail rotor power and power ancillary equipment; (e) total power requirement as a function of forward speed; (f) influence of helicopter mass, air density and drag of additional external equipment;			x	x
	(g) translational lift and influence on power required.
	Hover and forward flight in ground effect			x	x
	Airflow in ground effect and downwash: rotor power decrease as a function of rotor height above the ground at constant helicopter mass			x	x
	Vertical descent			x	x
	Vertical descent, power on:			x	x
	(a) airflow through the rotor, low and moderate descent speeds; (b) vortex ring state, settling with power and consequences.
	Autorotation: (a) collective lever position after failure; (b) up flow through the rotor, auto-rotation and anti-autorotation rings; (c) tail rotor thrust and yaw control; (d) control of rotor RPM with collective lever; (e) landing after increase of rotor thrust by pulling collective and reduction in vertical speed.			x	x
	Forward flight: Autorotation			x	x
	Airflow through the rotor disc: (a) descent speed and up flow through the disc; (b) the flare, increase in rotor thrust, reduction of vertical speed and ground speed.			x	x
	Flight and landing:			x	x
	(a) turning; (b) flare; (c) autorotative landing; (d) height or velocity avoidance graph and dead man’s curve.
	Main rotor mechanics			x	x
	Flapping of the blade in hover			x	x
	Forces and stresses on the blade: (a) centrifugal force on the blade and attachments; (b) limits of rotor RPM; (c) lift on the blade and bending stresses on a rigid attachment; (d) the flapping hinge of the articulated rotor and flapping hinge offset; (e) the flapping of the hinge less rotor and flexible element.			x	x
	Coning angle in hover:			x	x
	(a) lift and centrifugal force in hover and blade weight negligible (b) flapping, tip path plane and disc area.
	Flapping angles of the blade in forward flight			x	x
	Forces on the blade in forward flight without cyclic feathering: (a) aerodynamic forces on the advancing and retreating blades without cyclic feathering; (b) periodic forces and stresses, fatigue and flapping hinge; (c) phase lag between the force and the flapping angle (about 90°); (d) flapping motion of the hinged blades and tilting of the cone and flap back of rotor; (e) rotor disc attitude and thrust vector tilt.			x	x
	Cyclic pitch (feathering) in helicopter mode, forward flight: (a) necessity of forward rotor disc tilt and thrust vector tilt; (b) flapping and tip path plane, virtual rotation axis or no flapping axis and plane of rotation; (c) shaft axis and hub plane; (d) cyclic pitch change (feathering) and rotor thrust vector tilt; (e) collective pitch change, collective lever, swash plate, pitch link and pitch horn; (f) cyclic stick, rotating swash plate and pitch link movement and phase angle.			x	x
	Blade lag motion			x	x
	Forces on the blade in the disc plane (tip path plane) in forward flight: (a) forces due to the Coriolis effect because of the flapping; (b) alternating stresses and the need of the drag or lag hinge.			x	x
	The drag or lag hinge: (a) the drag hinge in the fully articulated rotor; (b) the lag flexure in the hinge less rotor; (c) drag dampers.			x	x
	Ground resonance: (a) blade lag motion and movement of the centre of gravity of the blades and the rotor; (b) oscillating force on the fuselage; (c) fuselage, undercarriage and resonance.			x	x
	Rotor systems			x	x
	See-saw or teetering rotor			x	x
	Fully articulated rotor: (a) three hinges arrangement; (b) bearings and elastomeric hinges.			x	x
	Hinge less rotor and bearing less rotor			x	x
	Blade sailing: (a) low rotor RPM and effect of adverse wind; (b) minimising the danger;			x	x
	(c) droop stops.
	Vibrations due to main rotor: (a) origins of the vibrations: in plane and vertical; (b) blade tracking and balancing.			x	x
	Tail rotors			x	x
	Conventional tail rotor			x	x
	Rotor description: (a) two-blades tail rotors with teetering hinge; (b) rotors with more than two blades; (c) feathering bearings and flapping hinges; (d) dangers to people and to the tail rotor, rotor height and safety.			x	x
	Aerodynamics: (a) induced airflow and tail rotor thrust; (b) thrust control by feathering, tail rotor drift and roll; (c) effect of tail rotor failure and vortex ring.			x	x
	The fenestron: technical lay-out			x	x
	The NOTAR: technical lay-out			x	x
	Vibrations: high frequency vibrations due to the tail rotors			x	x
	Equilibrium, stability and control			x	x
	Equilibrium and helicopter attitudes			x	x
	Hover: (a) forces and equilibrium conditions; (b) helicopter pitching moment and pitch angle; (c) helicopter rolling moment and roll angle.			x	x
	Forward flight: (a) forces and equilibrium conditions; (b) helicopter moments and angles; (c) effect of speed on fuselage attitude.			x	x
	Control			x	x
	Control power			x	x
	(a) fully articulated rotor; (b) hinge less rotor; (c) teetering rotor.
	Static and dynamic roll over			x	x
	Helicopter performances Engine performances			x	x
	Piston engines:			x	x
	(a) power available; (b) effects of density altitude.
	Turbine engines: (a) power available; (b) effects of ambient pressure and temperature.			x	x
	Helicopter performances			x	x
	Hover and vertical flight: (a) power required and power available; (b) OGE and IGE maximum hover height; (c) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature and density.			x	x
	Forward flight: (a) maximum speed; (b) maximum rate of climb speed; (c) maximum angle of climb speed; (d) range and endurance; (e) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature and density.			x	x
	Manoeuvring: (a) load factor; (b) bank angle and number of g’s; (c) manoeuvring limit load factor.			x	x
	Special conditions: (a) operating with limited power; (b) over pitch and over torque.			x	x
6.	OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
	General
	Operation of aircraft: ICAO Annex 6, General requirements
	Definitions	x	x	x	x
	Applicability	x	x	x	x
	Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects)	x	x	x	x
	Noise abatement
	Noise abatement procedures	x	x	x	x
	Influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise and approach)	x	x	x	x
	Runway incursion awareness (meaning of surface markings and signals)	x	x	x	x
	Fire or smoke
	Carburettor fire	x	x	x	x
	Engine fire	x	x	x	x
	Fire in the cabin and cockpit, (choice of extinguishing agents according to fire classification and use of the extinguishers)	x	x	x	x
	Smoke in the cockpit and (effects and action to be taken) and smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)	x	x	x	x
	Windshear and microburst
	Effects and recognition during departure and approach	x	x	x	x
	Actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter	x	x	x	x
	Wake turbulence
	Cause	x	x	x	x
	List of relevant parameters	x	x	x	x
	Actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and landing	x	x	x	x
	Emergency and precautionary landings
	Definition	x	x	x	x
	Cause	x	x	x	x
	Passenger information	x	x	x	x
	Evacuation	x	x	x	x
	Action after landing	x	x	x	x
	Contaminated runways
	Kinds of contamination	x	x
	Estimated surface friction and friction coefficient	x	x
	Rotor downwash			x	x
	Operation influence by meteorological conditions (helicopter)
	White out, sand or dust			x	x
	Strong winds			x	x
	Mountain environment			x	x
	Emergency procedures
	Influence by technical problems
	Engine failure			x	x
	Fire in cabin, cockpit or engine			x	x
	Tail, rotor or directional control failure			x	x
	Ground resonance			x	x
	Blade stall			x	x
	Settling with power (vortex ring)			x	x
	Overpitch			x	x
	Overspeed: rotor or engine			x	x
	Dynamic rollover			x	x
	Mast bumping			x	x
7.	FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
7.1.	MASS AND BALANCE: AEROPLANES OR HELICOPTERS
	Purpose of mass and balance considerations
	Mass limitations
	Importance in regard to structural limitations	x	x	x	x
	Importance in regard to performance limitations	x	x	x	x
	CG limitations
	Importance in regard to stability and controllability	x	x	x	x
	Importance in regard to performance	x	x	x	x
	Loading
	Terminology
	Mass terms	x	x	x	x
	Load terms (including fuel terms)	x	x	x	x
	Mass limits
	Structural limitations	x	x	x	x
	Performance limitations	x	x	x	x
	Baggage compartment limitations	x	x	x	x
	Mass calculations
	Maximum masses for take-off and landing	x	x	x	x
	Use of standard masses for passengers, baggage and crew	x	x	x	x
	Fundamentals of CG calculations
	Definition of centre of gravity	x	x	x	x
	Conditions of equilibrium (balance of forces and balance of moments)	x	x	x	x
	Basic calculations of CG	x	x	x	x
	Mass and balance details of aircraft
	Contents of mass and balance documentation
	Datum and moment arm	x	x	x	x
	CG position as distance from datum	x	x	x	x
	Extraction of basic mass and balance data from aircraft documentation
	BEM	x	x	x	x
	CG position or moment at BEM	x	x	x	x
	Deviations from standard configuration	x	x	x	x
	Determination of CG position
	Methods
	Arithmetic method	x	x	x	x
	Graphic method	x	x	x	x
	Load and trim sheet
	General considerations	x	x	x	x
	Load sheet and CG envelope for light aeroplanes and for helicopters	x	x	x	x
7.2.	PERFORMANCE: AEROPLANES
	Introduction
	Performance classes	x	x
	Stages of flight	x	x
	Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, altitude, runway slope and runway conditions	x	x
	Gradients	x	x
	SE aeroplanes
	Definitions of terms and speeds	x	x
	Take-off and landing performance
	Use of aeroplane flight manual data	x	x
	Climb and cruise performance
	Use of aeroplane flight data	x	x
	Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass	x	x
	Endurance and the effects of the different recommended power or thrust settings	x	x
	Still air range with various power or thrust settings	x	x
7.3.	FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
	Flight planning for VFR flights
	VFR navigation plan
	Routes, airfields, heights and altitudes from VFR charts	x	x	x	x
	Courses and distances from VFR charts	x	x	x	x
	Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory	x	x	x	x
	Communications and radio navigation planning data	x	x	x	x
	Completion of navigation plan	x	x	x	x
	Fuel planning
	General knowledge	x	x	x	x
	Pre-flight calculation of fuel required
	Calculation of extra fuel	x	x	x	x
	Completion of the fuel section of the navigation plan (fuel log) and calculation of total fuel	x	x	x	x
	Pre-flight preparation
	AIP and NOTAM briefing
	Ground facilities and services	x	x	x	x
	Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes	x	x	x	x
	Airway routings and airspace structure	x	x	x	x
	Meteorological briefing
	Extraction and analysis of relevant data from meteorological documents	x	x	x	x
	ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan)
	Individual flight plan
	Format of flight plan	x	x	x	x
	Completion of the flight plan	x	x	x	x
	Submission of the flight plan	x	x	x	x
	Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning
	Flight monitoring
	Monitoring of track and time	x	x	x	x
	In-flight fuel management	x	x	x	x
	In-flight re-planning in case of deviation from planned data	x	x	x	x
7.4.	PERFORMANCE: HELICOPTERS
	General
	Introduction
	Stages of flight			x	x
	Effect on performance of atmospheric, airport or heliport and helicopter conditions			x	x
	Applicability of airworthiness requirements			x	x
	Definitions and terminology			x	x
	Performance: SE helicopters
	Definitions of terms (a) masses; (b) velocities: v_x, v_y;			x	x
	(c) velocity of best range and of maximum endurance; (d) power limitations; (e) altitudes.
	Take-off, cruise and landing performance Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables: (a) Take-off: (1) take-off run and distance available; (2) take-off and initial climb; (3) effects of mass, wind and density altitude; (4) effects of ground surface and gradient. (b) Landing: (1) effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed; (2) effects of ground surface and gradient. (c) In-flight: (1) relationship between power required and power available; (2) performance diagram; (3) effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude; (4) reduction of performance during climbing turns; (5) autorotation; (6) adverse effects (icing, rain and condition of the airframe).			x	x
8.	AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
8.1.	AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
	System design, loads, stresses, maintenance
	Loads and combination loadings applied to an aircraft’s structure	x	x	x	x
	Airframe
	Wings, tail surfaces and control surfaces
	Design and constructions	x	x
	Structural components and materials	x	x
	Stresses	x	x
	Structural limitations	x	x
	Fuselage, doors, floor, wind-screen and windows
	Design and constructions	x	x	x	x
	Structural components and materials	x	x	x	x
	Stresses	x	x	x	x
	Structural limitations	x	x	x	x
	Flight and control surfaces
	Design and constructions			x	x
	Structural components and materials			x	x
	Stresses and aero elastic vibrations			x	x
	Structural limitations			x	x
	Hydraulics
	Hydromechanics: basic principles	x	x	x	x
	Hydraulic systems	x	x	x	x
	Hydraulic fluids: types and characteristics, limitations	x	x	x	x
	System components: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Landing gear, wheels, tyres and brakes
	Landing gear
	Types and materials	x	x	x	x
	Nose wheel steering: design and operation	x	x
	Brakes
	Types and materials	x	x	x	x
	System components: design, operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Wheels and tyres
	Types and operational limitations	x	x	x	x
	Helicopter equipments			x	x
	Flight controls
	Mechanical or powered	x	x	x	x
	Control systems and mechanical	x	x	x	x
	System components: design, operation, indications and warnings, degraded modes of operation and jamming	x	x	x	x
	Secondary flight controls
	System components: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x
	Anti-icing systems
	Types and operation (pitot and windshield)	x	x	x	x
	Fuel system
	Piston engine
	System components: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Turbine engine
	System components: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings			x	x
	Electrics
	Electrics: general and definitions
	Direct current: voltage, current, resistance, conductivity, Ohm’s law, power and work	x	x	x	x
	Alternating current: voltage, current, amplitude, phase, frequency and resistance	x	x	x	x
	Circuits: series and parallel	x	x	x	x
	Magnetic field: effects in an electrical circuit	x	x	x	x
	Batteries
	Types, characteristics and limitations	x	x	x	x
	Battery chargers, characteristics and limitations	x	x	x	x
	Static electricity: general
	Basic principles	x	x	x	x
	Static dischargers	x	x	x	x
	Protection against interference	x	x	x	x
	Lightning effects	x	x	x	x
	Generation: production, distribution and use
	DC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	AC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Electric components
	Basic elements: basic principles of switches, circuit-breakers and relays	x	x	x	x
	Distribution
	General: (a) bus bar, common earth and priority; (b) AC and DC comparison.	x	x	x	x
	Piston engines
	General
	Types of internal combustion engine: basic principles and definitions	x	x	x	x
	Engine: design, operation, components and materials	x	x	x	x
	Fuel
	Types, grades, characteristics and limitations	x	x	x	x
	Alternate fuel: characteristics and limitations	x	x	x	x
	Carburettor or injection system
	Carburettor: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Injection: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Icing	x	x	x	x
	Air cooling systems
	Design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Lubrication systems
	Lubricants: types, characteristics and limitations	x	x	x	x
	Design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x	x	x
	Ignition circuits
	Design, operation, degraded modes of operation	x	x	x	x
	Mixture
	Definition, characteristic mixtures, control instruments, associated control levers and indications	x	x	x	x
	Propellers
	Definitions and general: (a) aerodynamic parameters; (b) types; (c) operating modes.	x	x
	Constant speed propeller: design, operation and system components	x	x
	Propeller handling: associated control levers, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings	x	x
	Performance and engine handling
	Performance: influence of engine parameters, influence of atmospheric conditions, limitations and power augmentation systems	x	x	x	x
	Engine handling: power and mixture settings during various flight phases and operational limitations	x	x	x	x
	Turbine engines
	Definitions			x	x
	Coupled turbine engine: design, operation, components and materials			x	x
	Free turbine engine: design, operation, components and materials			x	x
	Fuel
	Types, characteristics and limitations			x	x
	Main engine components
	Compressor: (a) types, design, operation, components and materials; (b) stresses and limitations; (c) stall, surge and means of prevention.			x	x
	Combustion chamber: (a) types, design, operation, components and materials; (b) stresses and limitations; (c) emission problems.			x	x
	Turbine: (a) types, design, operation, components and materials; (b) stresses, creep and limitations.			x	x
	Exhaust: (a) design, operation and materials; (b) noise reduction.			x	x
	Fuel control units: types, operation and sensors			x	x
	Helicopter air intake: different types, design, operation, materials and optional equipments			x	x
	Additional components and systems
	Helicopter additional components and systems: lubrication system, ignition circuit, starter, accessory gearbox, free wheel units: design, operation and components			x	x
	Performance aspects
	Torque, performance aspects, engine handling and limitations: (a) engine ratings; (b) engine performance and limitations; (c) engine handling.			x	x
	Protection and detection systems
	Fire detection systems
	Operation and indications			x	X
	Miscellaneous systems
	Rotor design			x	x
	Rotor heads
	Main rotor
	Types			x	x
	Structural components and materials, stresses and structural limitations			x	x
	Design and construction			x	x
	Adjustment			x	x
	Tail rotor
	Types			x	x
	Structural components and materials, stresses and structural limitations			x	x
	Design and construction			x	x
	Adjustment			x	x
	Transmission
	Main gear box
	Different types, design, operation and limitations			x	x
	Rotor brake
	Different types, design, operation and limitations			x	x
	Auxiliary systems			x	x
	Drive shaft and associated installation			x	x
	Intermediate and tail gear box
	Different types, design, operation and limitations			x	x
	Blades
	Main rotor blade
	Design and construction			x	x
	Structural components and materials			x	x
	Stresses			x	x
	Structural limitations			x	x
	Adjustment			x	x
	Tip shape			x	x
	Tail rotor blade
	Design and construction			x	x
	Structural components and materials			x	x
	Stresses			x	x
	Structural limitations			x	x
	Adjustment			x	x
8.2.	INSTRUMENTATION
	Instrument and indication systems
	Pressure gauge
	Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Temperature sensing
	Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Fuel gauge
	Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Flow meter
	Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Position transmitter
	Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Torque meter
	Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy			x	x
	Tachometer
	Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Measurement of aerodynamic parameters
	Pressure measurement
	Static pressure, dynamic pressure, density and definitions	x	x	x	x
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Temperature measurement: aeroplane
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x
	Displays	x	x
	Temperature measurement: helicopter
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy			x	x
	Displays			x	x
	Altimeter
	Standard atmosphere	x	x	x	x
	The different barometric references (QNH, QFE and 1013.25)	x	x	x	x
	Height, indicated altitude, true altitude, pressure altitude and density altitude	x	x	x	x
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Displays	x	x	x	x
	Vertical speed indicator
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Displays	x	x	x	x
	Air speed indicator
	The different speeds IAS, CAS, TAS: definition, usage and relationships	x	x	x	x
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Displays	x	x	x	x
	Magnetism: direct reading compass
	Earth magnetic field	x	x	x	x
	Direct reading compass
	Design, operation, data processing, accuracy and deviation	x	x	x	x
	Turning and acceleration errors	x	x	x	x
	Gyroscopic instruments
	Gyroscope: basic principles
	Definitions and design	x	x	x	x
	Fundamental properties	x	x	x	x
	Drifts	x	x	x	x
	Turn and bank indicator
	Design, operation and errors	x	x	x	x
	Attitude indicator
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Directional gyroscope
	Design, operation, errors and accuracy	x	x	x	x
	Communication systems
	Transmission modes: VHF, HF and SATCOM
	Principles, bandwidth, operational limitations and use	x	x	x	x
	Voice communication
	Definitions, general and applications	x	x	x	x
	Alerting systems and proximity systems
	Flight warning systems
	Design, operation, indications and alarms	x	x	x	x
	Stall warning
	Design, operation, indications and alarms	x	x
	Radio-altimeter
	Design, operation, errors, accuracy and indications			x	x
	Rotor or engine over speed alert system
	Design, operation, displays and alarms			x	x
	Integrated instruments: electronic displays
	Display units
	Design, different technologies and limitations	x	x	x	x
9.	NAVIGATION
9.1.	GENERAL NAVIGATION
	Basics of navigation
	The solar system
	Seasonal and apparent movements of the sun	x		x
	The earth
	Great circle, small circle and rhumb line	x		x
	Latitude and difference of latitude	x		x
	Longitude and difference of longitude	x		x
	Use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific position	x		x
	Time and time conversions
	Apparent time	x		x
	UTC	x		x
	LMT	x		x
	Standard times	x		x
	Dateline	x		x
	Definition of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight	x		x
	Directions
	True north, magnetic north and compass north	x		x
	Compass deviation	x		x
	Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic	x		x
	Distance
	Units of distance and height used in navigation: nautical miles, statute miles, kilometres, metres and ft	x		x
	Conversion from one unit to another	x		x
	Relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude and minutes of longitude	x		x
	Magnetism and compasses
	General principles
	Terrestrial magnetism	x		x
	Resolution of the earth’s total magnetic force into vertical and horizontal components	x		x
	Variation-annual change	x		x
	Aircraft magnetism
	The resulting magnetic fields	x		x
	Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass	x		x
	Charts
	General properties of miscellaneous types of projections
	Direct Mercator	x		x
	Lambert conformal conic	x		x
	The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines
	Direct Mercator	x		x
	Lambert conformal conic	x		x
	The use of current aeronautical charts
	Plotting positions	x		x
	Methods of indicating scale and relief (ICAO topographical chart)	x		x
	Conventional signs	x		x
	Measuring tracks and distances	x		x
	Plotting bearings and distances	x		x
	DR navigation
	Basis of DR
	Track	x		x
	Heading (compass, magnetic and true)	x		x
	Wind velocity	x		x
	Air speed (IAS, CAS and TAS)	x		x
	Groundspeed	x		x
	ETA	x		x
	Drift and wind correction angle	x		x
	DR position fix	x		x
	Use of the navigational computer
	Speed	x		x
	Time	x		x
	Distance	x		x
	Fuel consumption	x		x
	Conversions	x		x
	Air speed	x		x
	Wind velocity	x		x
	True altitude	x		x
	The triangle of velocities
	Heading	x		x
	Ground speed	x		x
	Wind velocity	x		x
	Track and drift angle	x		x
	Measurement of DR elements
	Calculation of altitude	x		x
	Determination of appropriate speed	x		x
	In-flight navigation
	Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation	x		x
	Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise navigation data
	Ground speed revision	x		x
	Off-track corrections	x		x
	Calculation of wind speed and direction	x		x
	ETA revisions	x		x
	Flight log	x		x
9.2.	RADIO NAVIGATION
	Basic radio propagation theory
	Antennas
	Characteristics	x		x
	Wave propagation
	Propagation with the frequency bands	x		x
	Radio aids
	Ground DF
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Coverage	x		x
	Range	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting range and accuracy	x		x
	NDB/ADF
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Coverage	x		x
	Range	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting range and accuracy	x		x
	VOR
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Coverage	x		x
	Range	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting range and accuracy	x		x
	DME
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Coverage	x		x
	Range	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting range and accuracy	x		x
	Radar
	Ground radar
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Coverage	x		x
	Range	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting range and accuracy	x		x
	Secondary surveillance radar and transponder
	Principles	x		x
	Presentation and interpretation	x		x
	Modes and codes	x		x
	GNSS
	GPS, GLONASS OR GALILEO
	Principles	x		x
	Operation	x		x
	Errors and accuracy	x		x
	Factors affecting accuracy	x		x

AMC2 FCL.210; FCL.215

ED Decision 2011/016/R

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PPL(AS)

The following table contains the syllabi for the courses of theoretical knowledge, as well as for the theoretical knowledge examinations for the PPL(As). The training and examination should cover aspects related to non-technical skills in an integrated manner, taking into account the particular risks associated to the licence and the activity.

		PPL
1.	AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
	International law: conventions, agreements and organisations	x
	Airworthiness of aircraft	x
	Aircraft nationality and registration marks	x
	Personnel licensing	x
	Rules of the air	x
	Procedures for air navigation services: aircraft operations	x
	Air traffic services and air traffic management	x
	Aeronautical information service	x
	Aerodromes	x
	Search and rescue	x
	Security	x
	Aircraft accident and incident investigation	x
	National law	x

		PPL
2.	HUMAN PERFORMANCE
	Human factors: basic concepts	x
	Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance	x
	Basic aviation psychology	x

		PPL
3.	METEOROLOGY
	The atmosphere	x
	Wind	x
	Thermodynamics	x
	Clouds and fog	x
	Precipitation	x
	Air masses and fronts	x
	Pressure systems	x
	Climatology	x
	Flight hazards	x
	Meteorological information	x

		PPL
4.	COMMUNICATIONS
	VFR COMMUNICATIONS
	Definitions	x
	General operating procedures	x
	Relevant weather information terms (VFR)	x
	Action required to be taken in case of communication failure	x
	Distress and urgency procedures	x
	General principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies	x
		PPL
5.	PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
	Basics of aerostatics	x
	Basics of subsonic aerodynamics	x
	Aerodynamics of airships	x
	Stability	x
	Controllability	x
	Limitations	x
	Propellers	x
	Basics of airship flight mechanics	x

		PPL
6.	OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
	General requirements	x
	Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects)	x
	Emergency procedures	x

		PPL
7.	FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
7.1	MASS AND BALANCE
	Purpose of mass and balance considerations	x
	Loading	x
	Fundamentals of CG calculations	x
	Mass and balance details of aircraft	x
	Determination of CG position	x
	Passenger, cargo and ballast handling	x
7.2	PERFORMANCE
	Airworthiness requirements	x
	Basics of airship performance	x
	Definitions and terms	x
	Stages of flight	x
	Use of flight manual	x
7.3	FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
	Flight planning for VFR flights	x
	Fuel planning	x
	Pre-flight preparation	x
	ATS flight plan	x
	Flight monitoring and in-flight re-planning	x

		PPL
8.	AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
8.1	ENVELOPE, AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
	Design, materials, loads and stresses	x
	Envelope and airbags	x
	Framework	x
	Gondola	x
	Flight controls	x
	Landing gear	x
	Hydraulics and pneumatics	x
	Heating and air conditioning	x
	Fuel system	x
	Piston engines (propellers)	x
	Turbine engines (basics)	x
	Electrics	x
	Fire protection and detection systems	x
	Maintenance	x
8.2	INSTRUMENTATION
	Sensors and instruments	x
	Measurement of air data and gas parameters	x
	Magnetism: direct reading compass and flux valve	x
	Gyroscopic instruments	x
	Communication systems	x
	Alerting systems	x
	Integrated instruments: electronic displays	x
	Flight management system (general basics)	x
	Digital circuits and computers	x

		PPL
9.	NAVIGATION
9.1.	GENERAL NAVIGATION
	Basics of navigation	x
	Magnetism and compasses	x
	Charts	x
	DR navigation	x
	In-flight navigation	x
9.2.	RADIO NAVIGATION
	Basic radio propagation theory	x
	Radio aids	x
	Radar	x
	GNSS	x

AMC3 FCL.210; FCL.215 Training course and theoretical knowledge examination

ED Decision 2020/005/R

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE BPL AND SPL

The syllabi for the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for the LAPL(B) and LAPL(S) in AMC1 FCL.115; FCL.120 should be used for the BPL and SPL, respectively.

FCL.235 Skill test

Regulation (EU) 2020/2193

(a) Through the completion of a skill test, applicants for a PPL shall demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b) Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test.

(1) The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown.

(2) Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

(3) When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

(4) Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

AMC1 FCL.125; FCL.235

ED Decision 2011/016/R

CONTENTS OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE ISSUE OF A LAPL(S) AND OF AN SPL

(a) An applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are on board.

(b) The applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out.

Checks should be completed in accordance with the flight manual or the authorised checklist for the sailplane on which the test is being taken.

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCE

(1) operate the sailplane within its limitations;

(2) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

(3) exercise good judgment and airmanship;

(4) apply aeronautical knowledge;

(5) maintain control of the sailplane at all times in such a manner that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

CONTENT OF THE SKILL TEST

(d) The skill test contents and sections set out in this AMC should be used for the skill test for the issue of a LAPL(S) and of an SPL:

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE
Use of checklist, airmanship (control of sailplane by external visual reference), look-out. Apply in all sections.
a	Pre-flight sailplane (daily) inspection, documentation, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Verifying in-limits mass and balance and performance calculation
c	Sailplane servicing compliance
d	Pre-take-off checks
SECTION 2 LAUNCH METHOD Note: at least for one of the three launch methods all the mentioned items are fully exercised during the skill test
SECTION 2 (A) WINCH OR CAR LAUNCH
a	Signals before and during launch, including messages to winch driver
b	Adequate profile of winch launch
c	Simulated launch failure
d	Situational awareness
SECTION 2 (B) AEROTOW LAUNCH
a	Signals before and during launch, including signals to or communications with tow plane pilot for any problems
b	Initial roll and take-off climb
c	Launch abandonment (simulation only or ‘talk-through’)
d	Correct positioning during straight flight and turns
e	Out of position and recovery
f	Correct release from tow
g	Look-out and airmanship through whole launch phase
SECTION 2 (C) SELF-LAUNCH (powered sailplanes only)
a	ATC compliance (if applicable)
b	Aerodrome departure procedures
c	Initial roll and take-off climb
d	Look-out and airmanship during the whole take-off
e	Simulated engine failure after take-off
f	Engine shut down and stowage
SECTION 3 GENERAL AIRWORK
a	Maintain straight flight: attitude and speed control
b	Coordinated medium (30 ° bank) turns, look-out procedures and collision avoidance
c	Turning on to selected headings visually and with use of compass
d	Flight at high angle of attack (critically low air speed)
e	Clean stall and recovery
f	Spin avoidance and recovery
g	Steep (45 ° bank) turns, look-out procedures and collision avoidance
h	Local area navigation and awareness
SECTION 4 CIRCUIT, APPROACH AND LANDING
a	Aerodrome circuit joining procedure
b	Collision avoidance: look-out procedures
c	Pre-landing checks
d	Circuit, approach control and landing
e	Precision landing (simulation of out-landing and short field)
f	Crosswind landing if suitable conditions available

AMC2 FCL.125; FCL.235

ED Decision 2011/016/R

CONTENTS OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE ISSUE OF A LAPL(B) AND A BPL

(a) The take-off site should be chosen by the applicant depending on the actual meteorological conditions, the area which has to be over flown and the possible options for suitable landing sites. The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are on board.

(b) An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out. Checks should be completed in accordance with the flight manual or the authorised checklist for the balloon on which the test is being taken. During pre-flight preparation for the test the applicant should be required to perform crew and passenger briefings and demonstrate crowd control. The load calculation should be performed by the applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight manual for the balloon used.

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCE

(1) operate the balloon within its limitations;

(2) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy

(3) exercise good judgment and airmanship;

(4) apply aeronautical knowledge;

(5) maintain control of the balloon at all times in such a manner that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

CONTENT OF THE SKILL TEST

(d) The skill test contents and sections set out in this paragraph should be used for the skill test for the issue of a LAPL(B) (hot-air balloon) and a BPL (hot-air balloon):

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS, INFLATION AND TAKE-OFF
Use of checklist, airmanship, control of balloon by external visual reference, look-out procedures, etc. apply in all sections.
a	Pre-flight documentation, flight planning, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Balloon inspection and servicing
c	Load calculation
d	Crowd control, crew and passenger briefings
e	Assembly and layout
f	Inflation and pre-take-off procedures
g	Take-off
h	ATC compliance(if applicable)
SECTION 2 GENERAL AIRWORK
a	Climb to level flight
b	Level flight
c	Descent to level flight
d	Operating at low level
e	ATC compliance (if applicable)
SECTION 3 EN-ROUTE PROCEDURES
a	Dead reckoning and map reading
b	Marking positions and time
c	Orientation and airspace structure
d	Maintenance of altitude
e	Fuel management
f	Communication with retrieve crew
g	ATC compliance
SECTION 4 APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
a	Approach from low level, missed approach and fly on
b	Approach from high level, missed approach and fly on
c	Pre-landing checks
d	Passenger pre-landing briefing
e	Selection of landing field
f	Landing, dragging and deflation
g	ATC compliance (if applicable)
h	Actions after flight
SECTION 5 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
a	Simulated fire on the ground and in the air
b	Simulated pilot light and burner failures
c	Other abnormal and emergency procedures as outlined in the appropriate flight manual.
d	Oral questions

(e) The skill test contents and sections set out in this paragraph should be used for the skill test for the issue of a LAPL(B) (gas balloon) and a BPL (gas balloon):

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS, INFLATION AND TAKE-OFF
Use of checklist, airmanship, control of balloon by external visual reference, look-out procedures, etc. apply in all sections.
a	Pre-flight documentation, flight planning, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Balloon inspection and servicing
c	Load calculation
d	Crowd control, crew and passenger briefings
e	Assembly and layout
f	Inflation and pre-take-off procedures
g	Take-off
h	ATC compliance (if applicable)
SECTION 2 GENERAL AIRWORK
a	Climb to level flight
b	Level flight
c	Descent to level flight
d	Operating at low level
e	ATC compliance (if applicable)
SECTION 3 EN-ROUTE PROCEDURES
a	Dead reckoning and map reading
b	Marking positions and time
c	Orientation and airspace structure
d	Maintenance of altitude
e	Ballast management
f	Communication with retrieve crew
g	ATC compliance
SECTION 4 APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
a	Approach from low level, missed approach and fly on
b	Approach from high level, missed approach and fly on
c	Pre-landing checks
d	Passenger pre-landing briefing
e	Selection of landing field
f	Landing, dragging and deflation
g	ATC compliance (if applicable)
h	Actions after flight
SECTION 5 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
a	Simulated closed appendix during take-off and climb
b	Simulated parachute or valve failure
c	Other abnormal and emergency procedures as outlined in the appropriate flight manual
d	Oral questions

AMC1 FCL.215; FCL.235

ED Decision 2011/016/R

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION AND SKILL TEST FOR THE PPL

(a) Theoretical knowledge examination

(1) The examinations should comprise a total of 120 multiple-choice questions covering all the subjects.

(2) Communication practical classroom testing may be conducted.

(3) The period of 18 months mentioned in FCL.025(b)(2) should be counted from the end of the calendar month when the applicant first attempted an examination.

(b) Skill test

Further training may be required following any failed skill test or part thereof. There should be no limit to the number of skill tests that may be attempted.

(1) If the applicant chooses to terminate a skill test for reasons considered inadequate by the FE, the applicant should retake the entire skill test. If the test is terminated for reasons considered adequate by the FE, only those sections not completed should be tested in a further flight.

(2) Any manoeuvre or procedure of the test may be repeated once by the applicant. The FE may stop the test at any stage if it is considered that the applicant’s demonstration of flying skill requires a complete retest.

(3) An applicant should be required to fly the aircraft from a position where the PIC functions can be performed and to carry out the test as if there is no other crew member. Responsibility for the flight should be allocated in accordance with national regulations.

AMC1 FCL.235 Skill test

ED Decision 2011/016/R

CONTENTS OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE ISSUE OF A PPL(A)

(a) The route to be flown for the navigation test should be chosen by the FE. The route may end at the aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome. The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are on board. The navigation section of the test should have a duration that allows the pilot to demonstrate his/her ability to complete a route with at least three identified waypoints and may, as agreed between the applicant and FE, be flown as a separate test.

(b) An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the identification of radio facilities. Checks should be completed in accordance with the authorised checklist for the aeroplane on which the test is being taken. During pre-flight preparation for the test the applicant should be required to determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for take-off, approach and landing should be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight manual for the aeroplane used.

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCE

(1) operate the aeroplane within its limitations;

(2) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

(3) exercise good judgment and airmanship;

(4) apply aeronautical knowledge;

(5) maintain control of the aeroplane at all times in such a manner that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

(d) The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the aeroplane used:

(1) height:

(i) normal flight ± 150 ft

(ii) with simulated engine failure ± 200 ft (if ME aeroplane is used)

(2) heading or tracking of radio aids:

(i) normal flight ± 10°

(ii) with simulated engine failure ± 15° (if ME aeroplane is used)

(3) speed:

(i) take-off and approach +15/–5 knots

(ii) all other flight regimes ± 15 knots

CONTENT OF THE SKILL TEST

(e) The skill test contents and sections set out in this AMC should be used for the skill test for the issue of a PPL(A) on SE and ME aeroplanes or on TMGs.

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE
Use of checklist, airmanship, control of aeroplane by external visual reference, anti/de-icing procedures, etc. apply in all sections.
a	Pre-flight documentation, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Mass and balance and performance calculation
c	Aeroplane inspection and servicing
d	Engine starting and after starting procedures
e	Taxiing and aerodrome procedures, pre-take-off procedures
f	Take-off and after take-off checks
g	Aerodrome departure procedures
h	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
SECTION 2 GENERAL AIRWORK
a	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
b	Straight and level flight, with speed changes
c	Climbing: i. best rate of climb; ii. climbing turns; iii. levelling off.
d	Medium (30 ° bank) turns
e	Steep (45 ° bank) turns (including recognition and recovery from a spiral dive)
f	Flight at critically low air speed with and without flaps
g	Stalling: i. clean stall and recover with power; ii. approach to stall descending turn with bank angle 20°, approach configuration; iii. approach to stall in landing configuration.
h	Descending: i. with and without power; ii. descending turns (steep gliding turns); iii. levelling off.
SECTION 3 EN-ROUTE PROCEDURES
a	Flight plan, dead reckoning and map reading
b	Maintenance of altitude, heading and speed
c	Orientation, timing and revision of ETAs and log keeping
d	Diversion to alternate aerodrome (planning and implementation)
e	Use of radio navigation aids
f	Basic instrument flying check (180° turn in simulated IMC)
g	Flight management (checks, fuel systems and carburettor icing, etc.)
h	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
SECTION 4 APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
a	Aerodrome arrival procedures
b	* Precision landing (short field landing), crosswind, if suitable conditions available
c	* Flapless landing
d	* Approach to landing with idle power (SE only)
e	Touch and go
f	Go-around from low height
g	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
h	Actions after flight
SECTION 5 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
This section may be combined with sections 1 through 4
a	Simulated engine failure after take-off (SE only)
b	* Simulated forced landing (SE only)
c	Simulated precautionary landing (SE only)
d	Simulated emergencies
e	Oral questions
SECTION 6 SIMULATED ASYMMETRIC FLIGHT AND RELEVANT CLASS OR TYPE ITEMS
This section may be combined with sections 1 through 5
a	Simulated engine failure during take-off (at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FFS)
b	Asymmetric approach and go-around
c	Asymmetric approach and full stop landing
d	Engine shutdown and restart
e	ATC compliance, R/T procedures or airmanship
f	As determined by the FE: any relevant items of the class or type rating skill test to include, if applicable: i. aeroplane systems including handling of auto pilot; ii. operation of pressurisation system; iii. use of de-icing and anti-icing system.
g	Oral questions

* These items may be combined, at the discretion of the FE.

AMC2 FCL.235 Skill test

ED Decision 2011/016/R

CONTENTS OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE ISSUE OF A PPL(H)

(a) The area and route to be flown should be chosen by the FE and all low level and hover work should be at an adequate aerodrome or site. Routes used for section 3 may end at the aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome. The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are on board. The navigation section of the test, as set out in this AMC should consist of at least three legs, each leg of a minimum duration of 10 minutes. The skill test may be conducted in two flights.

(b) An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the identification of radio facilities. Checks should be completed in accordance with the authorised checklist or pilot operating handbook for the helicopter on which the test is being taken. During pre-flight preparation for the test the applicant is required to determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for take-off, approach and landing should be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight manual for the helicopter used.

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCE

(1) operate the helicopter within its limitations;

(2) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

(3) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

(4) apply aeronautical knowledge;

(5) maintain control of the helicopter at all times in such a manner that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

(d) The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the helicopter used.

(1) height:

(i) normal forward flight ± 150 ft

(ii) with simulated major emergency ± 200 ft

(iii) hovering IGE flight ± 2 ft

(2) heading or tracking of radio aids:

(i) normal flight ± 10°

(ii) with simulated major emergency ± 15°

(3) speed:

(i) take-off approach – 10 knots/+15 knots

(ii) all other flight regimes ± 15 knots

(4) ground drift:

(i) take-off hover IGE ± 3 ft

(ii) landing no sideways or backwards movement

CONTENT OF THE SKILL TEST

(e) The skill test contents and sections set out in this AMC should be used for the skill test for the issue of a PPL(H) on SE or ME helicopters.

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OR POST-FLIGHT CHECKS AND PROCEDURES
Use of checklist, airmanship, control of helicopter by external visual reference, anti-icing procedures, etc. apply in all sections
a	Helicopter knowledge, (for example technical log, fuel, mass and balance, performance), flight planning, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Pre-flight inspection or action, location of parts and purpose
c	Cockpit inspection and starting procedure
d	Communication and navigation equipment checks, selecting and setting frequencies
e	Pre-take-off procedure, R/T procedure and ATC compliance
f	Parking, shutdown and post-flight procedure
SECTION 2 HOVER MANOEUVRES, ADVANCED HANDLING AND CONFINED AREAS
a	Take-off and landing (lift-off and touch down)
b	Taxi and hover taxi
c	Stationary hover with head, cross or tail wind
d	Stationary hover turns, 360° left and right (spot turns)
e	Forward, sideways and backwards hover manoeuvring
f	Simulated engine failure from the hover
g	Quick stops into and downwind
h	Sloping ground or unprepared sites landings and take-offs
i	Take-offs (various profiles)
j	Crosswind and downwind take-off (if practicable)
k	Take-off at maximum take-off mass (actual or simulated)
l	Approaches (various profiles)
m	Limited power take-off and landing
n	Autorotations, (FE to select two items from: basic, range, low speed and 360° turns)
o	Autorotative landing
p	Practice forced landing with power recovery
q	Power checks, reconnaissance technique, approach and departure technique
SECTION 3 NAVIGATION - EN ROUTE PROCEDURES
a	Navigation and orientation at various altitudes or heights and map reading
b	Altitude or height, speed, heading control, observation of airspace and altimeter setting
c	Monitoring of flight progress, flight log, fuel usage, endurance, ETA, assessment of track error and re-establishment of correct track and instrument monitoring
d	Observation of weather conditions and diversion planning
e	Use of navigation aids (where available)
f	ATC liaison with due observance of regulations, etc.
SECTION 4 FLIGHT PROCEDURES AND MANOEUVRES
a	Level flight, control of heading, altitude or height and speed
b	Climbing and descending turns to specified headings
c	Level turns with up to 30° bank, 180° to 360° left and right
d	Level turns 180° left and right by sole reference to instruments
SECTION 5 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (SIMULATED WHERE APPROPRIATE)
Note (1) Where the test is conducted on an ME helicopter, a simulated engine failure drill, including an SE approach and landing should be included in the test.
Note (2) The FE should select four items from the following:
a	Engine malfunctions, including governor failure, carburettor or engine icing and oil system, as appropriate
b	Fuel system malfunction
c	Electrical system malfunction
d	Hydraulic system malfunction, including approach and landing without hydraulics, as applicable
e	Main rotor or anti-torque system malfunction (FFS or discussion only)
f	Fire drills, including smoke control and removal, as applicable
g	Other abnormal and emergency procedures as outlined in an appropriate flight manual and with reference to Appendix 9 C to Part-FCL, sections 3 and 4, including for ME helicopters: (a) Simulated engine failure at take-off: (1) rejected take-off at or before TDP or safe forced landing at or before DPATO; (2) shortly after TDP or DPATO. (b) Landing with simulated engine failure: (1) landing or go-around following engine failure before LDP or DPBL; (2) following engine failure after LDP or safe forced landing after DPBL.

AMC3 FCL.235 Skill test

ED Decision 2011/016/R

CONTENT OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE ISSUE OF THE PPL(AS)

(a) The area and route to be flown is chosen by the FE. Routes used for section 3 may end at the aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome and one destination should be a controlled aerodrome. The skill test may be conducted in two flights. The total duration of the flight(s) should be at least 60 minutes.

(b) The applicant should demonstrate the ability to:

(1) operate the airship within its limitations;

(2) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

(3) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

(4) apply aeronautical knowledge;

(5) maintain control of the airship at all times in such a manner that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is never seriously in doubt.

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCES

(c) The following limits should apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the airship used.

(1) height:

(i) normal flight ±200 ft

(ii) simulated major emergency ±300 ft

(2) tracking on radio aids: ±15°

(3) heading:

(i) normal flight ±15°

(ii) simulated major emergency ±20°

CONTENT OF THE TEST

(d) The skill test contents and sections set out in this AMC should be used for the skill test for the issue of a PPL(As).

(e) Items in sections 5 and 6 may be performed in an FNPT (As) or a FS (As).

SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE
Use of airship checklists, airmanship, control of airship by external visual reference, anti-icing procedures, and principles of threat and error management, etc. apply in all sections
a	Pre-flight, including: flight planning, documentation, mass and balance, NOTAM and weather briefing
b	Airship inspection and servicing
c	Off-mast procedure, ground manoeuvring and take-off
d	Performance considerations and trim
e	Aerodrome and traffic pattern operations
f	Departure procedure, altimeter setting, collision avoidance (look-out)
g	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
SECTION 2 GENERAL AIRWORK
a	Control of the airship by external visual reference, including straight and level, climb, descent and look-out
b	Flight close to pressure height
c	Turns
d	Steep descents and climbs
e	Flight by reference solely to instruments, including: i. Level flight, control of heading, altitude and air speed; ii. Climbing and descending turns; iii. Recoveries from unusual attitudes.
f	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
SECTION 3 EN-ROUTE PROCEDURES
a	Flight plan, dead reckoning and map reading
b	Maintenance of altitude, heading and speed and collision avoidance (look-out procedures)
c	Orientation, timing and revision of ETAs and log keeping
d	Observation of weather conditions and diversion to alternate aerodrome (planning and implementation)
e	Use of radio navigation aids
f	Flight management (checks, fuel systems, etc.)
g	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
SECTION 4 APPROACH AND LANDING PROCEDURES
a	Aerodrome arrival procedures, altimeter setting, checks and look-out
b	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
c	Go-around action
d	Normal landing
e	Short field landing
f	Post-flight actions
SECTION 5 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
This section may be combined with sections 1 through 4
a	Simulated engine failure after take-off (at a safe altitude) and fire drill
b	Equipment malfunctions
c	Forced landing (simulated)
d	ATC compliance and R/T procedures
e	Oral questions
SECTION 6 RELEVANT TYPE ITEMS
This section may be combined with sections 1 through 5
a	Simulated engine failure during take-off (at a safe altitude unless carried out in a FFS)
b	Approach and go-around with failed engine(s)
c	Approach and full stop landing with failed engine(s)
d	Malfunctions in the envelope pressure system
e	ATC compliance, R/T procedures and airmanship
f	As determined by the FE: any relevant items of the type rating skill test to include, if applicable: i. Airship systems; ii. Operation of envelope pressure system.
g	Oral questions

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Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011)

Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011)

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ANNEX I (Part-FCL)

SUBPART C – PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL)

SECTION 1 – Common requirements