FCL.700 Circumstances in which class or type ratings are required

Regulation (EU) 2020/359

(a) Holders of a pilot licence shall act as pilots of an aircraft only if they have a valid and appropriate class or type rating, unless any of the following applies:

(1) if exercising the privileges of an LAPL;

(2) if they take skill tests or proficiency checks for renewal of class or type ratings;

(3) if they receive flight instruction;

(4) if they hold a flight test rating issued in accordance with point FCL.820.

(b) Notwithstanding (a), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types, pilots may hold a special certificate given by the competent authority, authorising them to perform the flights. This authorisation shall have its validity limited to the specific flights.

AMC1 FCL.700 Circumstances in which class or type ratings are required

ED Decision 2020/005/R

(a) A class or type rating and license endorsement should comply with the class and type ratings that are listed in one of the following EASA publications, as applicable:

(1) ‘List of Aeroplanes — Class and Type Ratings and Endorsement List’; and

(2)  ‘List of Helicopters — Type Ratings List’.

(b)  Holders of Part-FCL licences should complete differences training or familiarisation training in accordance with the lists of point (a).

LIST OF CLASS OR TYPE RATINGS

The following tables contain lists of aeroplanes or TMG that are included in class ratings.

(a) Class ratings (aeroplane): SP and SEP or MEP aeroplane (land or sea):

Manufacturer

Aeroplanes

 

Licence Endorsement

All manufacturers

SEP (land)

(D)

SEP (land)

SEP (land) with variable pitch propellers

SEP (land) with retractable undercarriage

SEP (land) with turbo or super charged engines

SEP (land) with cabin pressurisation

SEP (land) with tail wheels

SEP (land) with EFIS

SEP (land) with SLPC

SEP (sea)

(D)

SEP (sea)

SEP (sea) with variable pitch propellers

SEP (sea) with turbo or super charged engines

SEP (sea) with cabin pressurisation

SEP (sea) with EFIS

SEP (sea) with SLPC

All manufacturers

MEP (land)

(D)

MEP (land)

MEP (sea)

(D)

MEP (sea)

(b) Class ratings (aeroplane): SP and SEP TMG (land):

Manufacturer

Aeroplanes

 

Licence Endorsement

All manufacturers

All TMGs having an integrally mounted, non-retractable engine and a non-retractable propeller

 

TMG

(c) Additional class and type rating lists and endorsement lists are published by the Agency.

(d) Whenever (D) is indicated in one of the lists mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (c), it indicates that differences training in accordance with FCL.710 is required.

FCL.705 Privileges of the holder of a class or type rating

Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

The privileges of the holder of a class or type rating are to act as pilot on the class or type of aircraft specified in the rating.

FCL.710 Class and type ratings – variants

Regulation (EU) 2019/1747

(a) Pilots shall complete differences training or familiarisation in order to extend their privileges to another variant of aircraft within one class or type rating. In the case of variants within a class or type rating, the differences training or familiarisation shall include the relevant elements defined in the OSD, where applicable.

(b) The differences training shall be conducted at any of the following:

(1)  an ATO;

(2)  a DTO in the case of aircraft referred to in points (a)(1)(c) and (a)(2)(c) of point DTO.GEN.110 of Annex VIII;

(3)  an AOC holder having an approved differences training programme for the relevant class or type.

(c) Notwithstanding the requirement in point (b), differences training for TMG, single-engine piston (SEP), single- engine turbine (SET) and multi-engine piston (MEP) aeroplanes may be conducted by an appropriately qualified instructor unless otherwise provided in the OSD.

(d) If pilots have not flown the variant within 2 years following the training listed in point (b), a further differences training or a proficiency check in that variant shall be completed, except for types or variants within the SEP and TMG class ratings.

(e) The differences training or the proficiency check in that variant shall be entered in the pilots’ logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor or examiner as appropriate.

DIFFERENCES AND FAMILIARISATION TRAINING

(a) Differences training requires the acquisition of additional knowledge and training on an appropriate training device or the aircraft.

(b) Familiarisation training requires the acquisition of additional knowledge.

FCL.725 Requirements for the issue of class and type ratings

Regulation (EU) 2021/2227

(a) Training course. An applicant for a class or type rating shall complete a training course at an ATO. An applicant for a non-high-performance single-engine piston class rating, a TMG class rating or a single-engine type rating for helicopters referred to in point DTO.GEN.110(a)(2)(c) of Annex VIII (Part-DTO) may complete the training course at a DTO. The type rating training course shall include the mandatory training elements for the relevant type as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012.

(b) Theoretical knowledge examination. The applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a theoretical knowledge examination organised by the ATO to demonstrate the level of theoretical knowledge required for the safe operation of the applicable aircraft class or type.

(1) For multi-pilot aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the main subjects of the syllabus.

(2) For single-pilot multi-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and the number of multiple-choice questions shall depend on the complexity of the aircraft.

(3) For single-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be conducted verbally by the examiner during the skill test to determine whether or not a satisfactory level of knowledge has been achieved.

(4) For single-pilot aeroplanes that are classified as high performance aeroplanes, the examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the subjects of the syllabus.

(5) For single-pilot single-engine and single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes (sea), the examination shall be in a written form and shall comprise at least 30 multiple-choice questions.

(c) Skill test. An applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the skill required for the safe operation of the applicable class or type of aircraft.

The applicant shall pass the skill test within a period of 6 months after commencement of the class or type rating training course and within a period of 6 months preceding the application for the issue of the class or type rating.

(d) Single-pilot and multi-pilot operation

(1) A pilot who already holds a type rating for an aircraft type, with the privilege for either single-pilot or multi-pilot operations, shall be considered to have already fulfilled the theoretical requirements when applying to add the privilege for the other form of operation on the same aircraft type.

(2)  Such a pilot shall complete additional flight training for the other form of operation in the relevant type in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex, unless specified otherwise in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012. This training shall be completed at either of the following:

(i) an ATO;

(ii) an organisation to which Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 applies and that is entitled to provide such training on the basis of either an approval or, in the case of single-pilot helicopters, a declaration.

(3) Except for single-pilot helicopters, the form of operation shall be entered in the licence.

(4)  In the case of single-pilot helicopters, all of the following shall apply:

(i)  In the case where a skill test or a proficiency check for a non-complex single-pilot helicopter type rating was completed in multi-pilot operations only, a restriction to multi-pilot operation shall be endorsed with the type rating in the licence. This endorsement shall be removed when the applicant completes a proficiency check that included the necessary elements for single-pilot operation as specified in Appendix 9 to this Annex.

(ii) In all other cases, the form of operation shall not be entered in the licence. The pilot is entitled to exercise the privileges of the type rating:

(A)  in single-pilot operation, provided that the skill test or proficiency check either:

(1) was completed in single-pilot operation; or

(2) was completed in multi-pilot operation and contained additional elements for single-pilot operation, as specified in Appendix 9 to this Annex.

(B) in multi-pilot operation under all of the following conditions:

(1)  the pilot complies with point FCL.720.H(a)(2);

(2)  the privileges are exercised in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 only;

(3) the skill test or proficiency check was completed in multi-pilot operation.

(e) Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820 who were involved in development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type, and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC on test flights in that type, shall be entitled to apply for the issue of the relevant type rating, provided that they comply with the experience requirements and the prerequisites for the issue of that type rating, as established in this Subpart for the relevant aircraft category.

(f) Applicants for a class rating for TMGs who also hold an SPL in accordance with Annex III (Part‑SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including the privileges to fly on TMGs, shall receive full credits towards the requirements in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c).

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR CLASS OR TYPE RATINGS

I. SE AND ME AEROPLANES

(a) Detailed listing for aeroplane structure and equipment, normal operation of systems and malfunctions:

(1) dimensions: minimum required runway width for 180 ° turn.

(2) engine including auxiliary power unit:

(i) type of engine or engines;

(ii) in general, function of the following systems or components:

(A) engine;

(B) auxiliary power unit;

(C) oil system;

(D) fuel system;

(E) ignition system;

(F) starting system;

(G) fire warning and extinguishing system;

(H) generators and generator drives;

(I) power indication;

(J) reverse thrust;

(K) water injection.

(iii) on piston or turbine-propeller engines additionally:

(A) propeller system;

(B) feathering system.

(iv) engine controls (including starter), engine instruments and indications in the cockpit, their function, interrelation and interpretation;

(v) engine operation, including APU, during engine start, start and engine malfunctions, procedures for normal operation in the correct sequence.

(3) fuel system:

(i) location of the fuel tanks, fuel pumps, fuel lines to the engines, tank capacities, valves and measuring;

(ii) location of the following systems:

(A) filtering;

(B) heating;

(C) fuelling and defueling;

(D) dumping;

(E) venting.

(iii) in the cockpit: 

(A) the monitors and indicators of the fuel system; 

(B) quantity and flow indication, interpretation.

(iv) procedures: 

(A) fuel procedures distribution into the various tanks;

(B) fuel supply, temperature control and fuel dumping.

(4) pressurisation and air conditioning: 

(i) components of the system and protection devices;

(ii) cockpit monitors and indicators;

(iii) interpretation about the operational condition;

(iv) normal operation of the system during start, cruise, approach and landing, air conditioning airflow and temperature control.

(5) ice and rain protection, windshield wipers and rain repellent:

(i) ice protected components of the aeroplane including engines, heat sources, controls and indications;

(ii) operation of the anti-icing or de-icing system during take-off, climb, cruise and descent, conditions requiring the use of the protection systems;

(iii) controls and indications of the windshield wipers and rain repellent systems operation.

(6) hydraulic system: 

(i) components of the hydraulic system(s), quantities and system pressure, hydraulically actuated components associated to the respective hydraulic system;

(ii) controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit, function and interrelation and interpretation of indications.

(7) landing gear:

(i) main components of the: 

(A) main landing gear;

(B) nose gear;

(C) gear steering;

(D) wheel brake system, including anti-skid.

(ii) gear retraction and extension (including changes in trim and drag caused by gear operation);

(iii) required tyre pressure, or location of the relevant placard;

(iv) controls and indicators including warning indicators in the cockpit in relation to the retraction or extension condition of the landing gear and brakes;

(v) components of the emergency extension system.

(8) flight controls and high lift devices:

(i) (A) aileron system;

(B) elevator system;

(C) rudder system;

(D)  trim system;

(E) spoiler system;

(F) lift devices;

(G) stall warning system;

(H) take-off configuration warning system.

(ii) flight control system from the cockpit controls to the flight control or surfaces;

(iii) controls, monitors and indicators including warning indicators of the systems mentioned under (8)(i), interrelation and dependencies.

(9) electrical power supply:

(i) number, power, voltage, frequency and location of the main power system (AC or DC), auxiliary power system location and external power system;

(ii) location of the controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit;

(iii) flight instruments, communication and navigation systems, main and back-up power sources;

(iv) location of vital circuit breakers;

(v) generator operation and monitoring procedures of the electrical power supply.

(10) flight instruments, communication, radar and navigation equipment, autoflight and flight data recorders:

(i) visible antennae;

(ii) controls and instruments of the following equipment in the cockpit during normal operation:

(A) flight instruments;

(B) flight management systems;

(C) radar equipment, including radio altimeter;

(D) communication and navigation systems;

(E) autopilot;

(F) flight data recorder, cockpit voice recorder and data-link communication recording function;

(G) TAWS;

(H) collision avoidance system;

(I) warning systems; and

(J)  weather radar system, best practices for optimum use, interpretation of displayed information.

(11) cockpit, cabin and cargo compartment:

(i) operation of the exterior, cockpit, cabin and cargo compartment lighting and the emergency lighting;

(ii) operation of the cabin and cargo doors, stairs, windows and emergency exits;

(iii) main components of the oxygen system and their location, oxygen masks and operation of the oxygen systems for the crew and passengers, required amount of oxygen by means of a table or diagram.

(12) emergency equipment operation and correct application of the following emergency equipment in the aeroplane:

(i) portable fire extinguisher;

(ii) first-aid kits;

(iii) portable oxygen equipment;

(iv) emergency ropes;

(v) life-jacket;

(vi) life rafts;

(vii) emergency transmitters;

(viii) crash axes;

(ix)  megaphones;

(x) emergency signals.

(13) pneumatic system: 

(i) components of the pneumatic system, pressure source and actuated components;

(ii) controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit and function of the system;

(iii) vacuum system.

(b) Limitations:

(1) general limitations:

(i) certification of the aeroplane, category of operation, noise certification and maximum and minimum performance data for all flight profiles, conditions and aircraft systems:

(A) maximum tail and crosswind-components at take-off and landing;

(B) maximum speeds for flap extension vfo;

(C) at various flap settings vfe;

(D) for landing gear operation vlo, Mlo;

(E) for extended landing gear vle, Mle;

(F) for maximum rudder deflection va, Ma;

(G) for tyres;

(H) one propeller feathered.

(ii) (A) minimum control speed air vmca;

(B) minimum control speed ground vmcg;

(C) stall speed under various conditions vso, vs1;

(D) maximum speed vne, Mne;

(E) maximum speed for normal operation vmo, Mmo;

(F) altitude and temperature limitations;

(G) stick shaker activation.

(iii) (A) maximum airport pressure altitude, runway slope;

(B) maximum taxi mass;

(C) maximum take-off mass;

(D) maximum lift off mass;

(E) maximum landing mass;

(F) zero fuel mass;

(G) maximum dumping speed vdco, Mdco, vdce, Mdce;

(H) maximum load factor during operation;

(I) certificated range of centre of gravity.

(2) engine limitations:

(i) operating data of the engines:

(A) time limits and maximum temperatures;

(B) minimum RPMs and temperatures;

(C) torque;

(D) maximum power for take-off and go-around on pressure altitude or flight altitude and temperature;

(E) piston engines: certified range of mixture;

(F) minimum and maximum oil temperature and pressure;

(G) maximum starter time and required cooling;

(H) time between two start attempts for engines and auxiliary power unit;

(I) for propeller: maximum RPM of propeller triggering of automatic feathering device.

(ii) certified oil grades.

(3) systems limitations:

(i) operating data of the following systems:

(A) pressurisation, air conditioning maximum pressures;

(B) electrical power supply, maximum load of main power system (AC or DC);

(C) maximum time of power supply by battery in case of emergency;

(D) mach trim system and yaw damper speed limits;

(E) autopilot limitations of various modes;

(F) ice protection;

(G) speed and temperature limits of window heat;

(H) temperature limits of engine and wing anti-ice.

(ii) fuel system: certified fuel specifications, minimum and maximum pressures and temperature of the fuel.

(4) minimum equipment list.

(c) Performance, flight planning and monitoring:

(1) performance calculation about speeds, gradients, masses in all conditions for take-off, en-route, approach and landing according to the documentation available (for example for take-off v1, vmbe, vr, vlof, v2, take-off distance, maximum take-off mass and the required stop distance) on the following factors:

(i) accelerate or stop distance;

(ii) take-off run and distance available (TORA, TODA);

(iii) ground temperature, pressure altitude, slope, wind;

(iv) maximum load and maximum mass (for example ZFM);

(v) minimum climb gradient after engine failure;

(vi) influence of snow, slush, moisture and standing water on the runway;

(vii) possible single or dual engine failure during cruise flight;

(viii) use of anti-icing systems;

(ix) failure of water injection system or antiskid system;

(x) speeds at reduced thrust, v1, v1red, vmbe, vmu, vr, vlof, v2;

(xi) safe approach speed vref, on vmca and turbulent conditions;

(xii) effects of excessive approach speed and abnormal glideslope on the landing distance;

(xiii) minimum climb gradient during approach and landing;

(xiv) limiting values for a go-around with minimum fuel;

(xv) maximum allowable landing mass and the landing distance for the destination and alternate aerodrome on the following factors:

(A) available landing distance;

(B) ground temperature, pressure altitude, runway slope and wind;

(C) fuel consumption to destination or alternate aerodrome;

(D) influence of moisture on the runway, snow, slush and standing water;

(E) failure of the water injection system or the anti skid system;

(F) influence of thrust reverser and spoilers.

(2) flight planning for normal and abnormal conditions:

(i) optimum or maximum flight level;

(ii) minimum required flight altitude;

(iii) drift down procedure after an engine failure during cruise flight;

(iv) power setting of the engines during climb, cruise and holding under various circumstances, as well as the most economic cruising flight level;

(v) calculation of a short range or long range flight plan;

(vi) optimum and maximum flight level and power setting of the engines after engine failure.

(3) flight monitoring.

(d) Load and balance and servicing:

(1) load and balance: 

(i) load and trim sheet on the maximum masses for take-off and landing;

(ii) centre of gravity limits;

(iii) influence of fuel consumption on the centre of gravity;

(iv) lashing points, load clamping, maximum ground load.

(2) servicing on ground, servicing connections for:

(i) fuel;

(ii) oil;

(iii) water;

(iv) hydraulic;

(v) oxygen;

(vi) nitrogen;

(vii) conditioned air;

(viii) electric power;

(ix) start air;

(x) toilet and safety regulations.

(e) Emergency procedures: 

(1) recognition of the situation as well as immediate memory actions in correct sequence and for those conditions recognised as emergencies by the manufacturer and competent authority for certification:

(i) engine failure during take-off before and after v1, as well as in flight;

(ii) malfunctions of the propeller system;

(iii) engine overheat, engine fire on ground and in-flight;

(iv) wheel well fire;

(v) electrical smoke or fire;

(vi) rapid decompression and emergency descent;

(vii) air-conditioning overheat, anti-ice system overheat;

(viii) fuel pump failure;

(ix) fuel freezing overheat;

(x) electric power failure;

(xi) equipment cooling failure;

(xii) flight instrument failure;

(xiii) partial or total hydraulic failure;

(xiv) failures at the lift devices and flight controls including boosters

(xv) cargo compartment smoke or fire.

(2) actions according to the approved abnormal and emergency checklist:

(i) engine restart in-flight;

(ii) landing gear emergency extension;

(iii) application of the emergency brake system;

(iv) emergency extension of lift devices;

(v) fuel dumping;

(vi) emergency descent.

(f) Special requirements for ‘glass cockpit’ aeroplanes with EFIS additional learning objectives:

(1) general rules of aeroplanes computer hardware and software design;

(2) logic of all crew information and alerting systems and their limitations;

(3) interaction of the different aeroplane computer systems, their limitations, the possibilities of computer fault recognition and the actions to be performed on computer failures;

(4) normal procedures including all crew coordination duties;

(5) aeroplane operation with different computer degradations (basic flying).

(g) Flight management systems.

II. SE AND ME HELICOPTERS

(a) Detailed listing for helicopters structure, transmissions, rotors and equipment, normal and abnormal operation of systems:

(1) dimensions.

(2) engine including aux. power unit, rotor and transmissions; if an initial type rating for a turbine engine helicopter is applied for, the applicant should have received turbine engine instruction:

(i) type of engine or engines;

(ii) in general, the function of the following systems or components:

(A) engine;

(B) auxiliary power unit;

(C) oil system;

(D) fuel system;

(E) ignition system;

(F) starting system;

(G) fire warning and extinguishing system;

(H) generators and generator drive;

(I) power indication;

(J) water or methanol injection. 

(iii) engine controls (including starter), engine instruments and indications in the cockpit, their function and interrelation and interpretation;

(iv) engine operation, including APU, during engine start and engine malfunctions, procedures for normal operation in the correct sequence;

(v) transmission system:

(A) lubrication;

(B) generators and generator drives;

(C) freewheeling units;

(D) hydraulic drives;

(E) indication and warning systems.

(vi) type of rotor systems: indication and warning systems.

(3) fuel system: 

(i) location of the fuel tanks, fuel pumps, fuel lines to the engines tank capacities, valves and measuring;

(ii) the following systems:

(A) filtering;

(B) fuelling and defuelling heatings;

(C) dumping;

(D) transferring;

(E) venting.

(iii) in the cockpit: the monitors and indicators of the fuel system, quantity and flow indication, interpretation;

(iv) fuel procedures distribution into the various tanks fuel supply and fuel dumping.

(4) air conditioning:

(i) components of the system and protection devices;

(ii) cockpit monitors and indicators;

Note: interpretation about the operational condition: normal operation of the system during start, cruise approach and landing, air conditioning airflow and temperature control.

(5) ice and rain protection, windshield wipers and rain repellent:

(i) ice protected components of the helicopter, including engines and rotor systems, heat sources, controls and indications;

(ii) operation of the anti-icing or de-icing system during take-off, climb, cruise and descent, conditions requiring the use of the protection systems;

(iii) controls and indications of the windshield wipers and rain repellent system operation.

(6) hydraulic system:

(i) components of the hydraulic system(s), quantities and system pressure, hydraulically actuated components associated to the respective hydraulic system;

(ii) controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit, function and interrelation and interpretation of indications.

(7) landing gear, skids fixed and floats:

(i) main components of the:

(A) main landing gear;

(B) nose gear;

(C) tail gear;

(D) gear steering;

(E) wheel brake system.

(ii) gear retraction and extension;

(iii) required tyre pressure, or location of the relevant placard;

(iv) controls and indicators including warning indicators in the cockpit in relation to the retraction or extension condition of the landing gear;

(v) components of the emergency extension system.

(8) flight controls, stab- and autopilot systems: controls, monitors and indicators including warning indicators of the systems, interrelation and dependencies.

(9) electrical power supply:

(i) number, power, voltage, frequency and if applicable phase and location of the main power system (AC or DC) auxiliary power system location and external power system;

(ii) location of the controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit;

(iii) main and back-up power sources flight instruments, communication and navigation systems, main and back-up power sources;

(iv) location of vital circuit breakers;

(v) generator operation and monitoring procedures of the electrical power supply.

(10) flight instruments, communication, radar and navigation equipment, autoflight and flight data recorders:

(i) antennas;

(ii) controls and instruments of the following equipment in the cockpit:

(A) flight instruments (for example air speed indicator, pitot static system, compass system, flight director);

(B) flight management systems;

(C) radar equipmentt, including radio;

(D) communication and navigation system (for example HF, VHF, ADF, VOR/DME, ILS, marker beacon) and area navigation systems;

(E) stabilisation and autopilot system;

(F) flight data recorder, cockpit voice recorder, data-link communication recording function and radio altimeter;

(G) collision avoidance system;

(H) TAWS;

(I) HUMSS;

(J)  weather radar system, best practices for optimum use, interpretation of displayed information.

(11) cockpit, cabin and cargo compartment:

(i) operation of the exterior, cockpit, cabin and cargo compartment lighting and the emergency lighting;

(ii) operation of the cabin doors and emergency exits.

(12) emergency equipment: 

(i) operation and correct application of the following mobile emergency equipment in the helicopter:

(A) portable fire extinguisher;

(B) first-aid kits;

(C) portable oxygen equipment;

(D) emergency ropes;

(E) life-jacket;

(F) life rafts;

(G) emergency transmitters;

(H) crash axes;

(I) megaphones;

(J) emergency signals;

(K) torches.

(ii) operation and correct application of the fixed emergency equipment in the helicopter: emergency floats.

(b) Limitations:

(1) general limitations, according to the helicopter flight manual;

(2) minimum equipment list.

(c) Performance, flight planning and monitoring:

(1) performance calculation about speeds, gradients, masses in all conditions for take-off, en-route, approach and landing:

(i) take-off:

(A) hover performance in and out of ground effect;

(B) all approved profiles, cat A and B;

(C) HV diagram;

(D) take-off and rejected take-off distance;

(E) take-off decision point (TDP) or (DPATO);

(F) calculation of first and second segment distances;

(G) climb performance. 

(ii) en-route:

(A) air speed indicator correction;

(B) service ceiling;

(C) optimum or economic cruising altitude;

(D) max endurance;

(E) max range;

(F) cruise climb performance.

(iii) landing:

(A) hovering in and out of ground effect;

(B) landing distance;

(C) landing decision point (LDP) or (DPBL).

(iv) knowledge or calculation of: vlo, vle, vmo, vx, vy, vtoss, vne, vmax range, vmini.

(2) flight planning for normal and abnormal conditions: 

(i) optimum or maximum flight level;

(ii) minimum required flight altitude;

(iii) drift down procedure after an engine failure during cruise flight;

(iv) power setting of the engines during climb, cruise and holding under various circumstances as well as at the most economic cruising flight level;

(v) optimum and maximum flight level and power setting after an engine failure.

(3) effect of optional equipment on performance.

(d) Load, balance and servicing: 

(1) load and balance:

(i) load and trim sheet on the maximum masses for take-off and landing;

(ii) centre of gravity limits;

(iii) influence of the fuel consumption on the centre of gravity;

(iv) lashing points, load clamping, max ground load.

(2) servicing on the ground, servicing connections for: 

(i) fuel;

(ii) oil, etc.;

(iii) and safety regulations for servicing.

(e) Emergency procedures.

(f) Special requirements for helicopters with EFIS.

(g) Optional equipment.

III. AIRSHIPS

(a) Detailed listing for airship structure and equipment, normal operation of systems and malfunctions:

(1) dimensions; 

(2) structure and envelope:

(i) internal structure;

(ii) envelope;

(iii) pressure system;

(iv) gondola;

(v) empennage.

(3) flight controls;

(4) systems:

(i) hydraulic; 

(ii) pneumatic.

(5) landing gear;

(6) fuel system;

(7) fire warning and extinguishing system;

(8) emergency equipment;

(9) electrical systems; 

(10) avionics, radio navigation and communication equipment; 

(11) instrumentation;

(12) engines and propellers;

(13) heating, ventilation and air-condition;

(14) operational procedures during start, cruise, approach and landing:

(i) normal operations;

(ii) abnormal operations.

(b) Limitations:

(1) general limitations:

(i) certification of the airship, category of operation, noise certification and maximum and minimum performance data for all flight profiles, conditions and aircraft systems;

(ii) speeds;

(iii) altitudes.

(2) engine limitations;

(3) systems limitations;

(4) minimum equipment list.

(c) Performance and flight planning:

(1) performance calculation;

(2) flight planning.

(d) Load and balance and servicing:

(1) load and balance;

(2) servicing.

(e) Emergency procedures:

(1) recognition of emergency situations;

(2) actions according

TRAINING COURSE

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR TYPE RATINGS: HELICOPTERS

(a) The amount of flight instruction depends on:

(i) complexity of the helicopter type, handling characteristics, level of technology;

(ii) category of helicopter (SEP or SE turbine helicopter, ME turbine and MP helicopter);

(iii) previous experience of the applicant;

(iv) the availibiliy of FSTDs.

(b) FSTDs

In accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL Section A paragraph 1 third subparagraph, the level of qualification and the complexity of the type will determine the amount of practical training that may be accomplished in FSTDs, including completion of the skill test. Before undertaking the skill test, a student should demonstrate competency in the skill test items during the practical training.

(c) Initial issue

The flight instruction (excluding skill test) should comprise training time as specified in column 2 in the table below unless otherwise foreseen in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (OSD). If, in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL Section A paragraph 1 third subparagraph, training is conducted in a combination of FSTDs (other than FFS) and the helicopter, the in-aircraft training time will depend on the specificities of the FSTD used. In such a case, in-aircraft training time should comprise, as a minimum, the training time given in column 3 of the table below unless otherwise foreseen in the OSD.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Helicopter types 

Minimum training time

Minimum training time in the helicopter, when also using FSTDs other than FFS

SEP (H)

5 hrs

4 hrs

SET(H) under 3175 kg MTOM

5 hrs

4 hrs

SET(H) at or over 3175 kg MTOM

8 hrs

4 hrs

SPH MET (H) CS and FAR 27 and 29

8 hrs

4 hrs

MPH, when the applicant has already completed:

- MCC course;

- 50 hours of flight time in multi-pilot operations in SPH

5 hrs

Using FTD2/3: At least 2 hrs in the helicopter

MPH

10 hrs

4 hrs

(d) Additional types

The flight instruction (excluding the skill test) should comprise training time as specified in column 2 in the table below unless otherwise foreseen in the OSD. If, in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL Section A paragraph 1 third subparagraph, training is conducted in a combination of FSTDs (other than FFS) and the helicopter, the in-aircraft training time will depend on the specificities of the FSTD used. In such a case, in-aircraft training time should comprise, as a minimum, the time given in column 3 of the table below unless otherwise foreseen in the OSD.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Helicopter types

Minimum training time

Minimum training time in the helicopter, when also using FSTDs other than FFS

SEP(H) to SEP(H) within AMC1 FCL.740.H(a)(3)

2 hrs

1 hr

SEP(H) to SEP(H) not included in AMC1 FCL.740.H(a)(3)

5 hrs

2 hrs

SET(H) to SET(H)

2 hrs

1 hr

SE difference training

1 hr

N/A

MET(H) to MET(H)

3 hrs

2 hrs

ME difference training

1 hr

N/A

MPH to MPH

5 hrs

2 hrs

Extend privileges on the same type rating from SPH to MPH (except for initial MP issue), or from MPH to SPH

2 hrs

N/A

Extend privileges on the same type rating from SPH to MPH (except for initial MP issue), when applicants have completed 50 hours of flight time in multi-pilot operations on that type

1 hr

Training in helicopter or FFS C/D

MULTI-PILOT OPERATION IN SINGLE-PILOT HELICOPTERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ANNEX III (PART-ORO) TO REGULATION (EU) No 965/2012

Point FCL.725(d)(4)(ii)(B)(2) requires pilots to exercise their type rating privileges for multi-pilot operation in single-pilot helicopters only in accordance with the requirements of Part-ORO. Multi-pilot operations in single-pilot helicopters cannot be carried out under Part-NCO. The regulatory framework of Part-ORO applies in any case of commercial operations or operation of complex single-pilot helicopters under Regulation (EU) No 965/2012. This means that an ATO that provides training for multi-pilot operation in single-pilot helicopters will need to base that training on the operational procedures of the operator for which the pilot is flying. That ATO will either be an operator itself or will have an arrangement with an operator on behalf of which the training will be carried out.

GM1 FCL.725(e) Requirements for the issue of class and type ratings

ED Decision 2017/022/R

The hours gained during the instruction flights for category 1 or 2 flight tests are not considered as flight tests related to development, certification or production.

FCL.740 Validity and renewal of class and type ratings

Regulation (EU) 2020/2193

(a) Validity

The validity period of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot single-engine class ratings for which the validity period shall be 2 years, unless otherwise determined in the OSD. If pilots choose to fulfil the revalidation requirements earlier than prescribed in points FCL.740.A, FCL.740.H, FCL.740.PL and FCL.740.As, the new validity period shall commence from the date of the proficiency check.

Applicants for the revalidation of a class or type rating shall receive full credits for the proficiency check as required in this Subpart when they complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10 at an operator that has implemented EBT for the relevant class or type rating.

(b) Renewal

For the renewal of a class or type rating, applicants shall comply with all of the following:

(1) in order to determine whether refresher training is necessary for the applicant to reach the level of proficiency to safely operate the aircraft, they shall undergo an assessment at one of the following:

(i) at an ATO;

(ii) at a DTO or at an ATO, if the expired rating concerned a non-high-performance single-engine piston class rating, a TMG class rating or a single-engine type rating for helicopters referred to in point DTO.GEN.110(a)(2)(c) of Annex VIII;

(iii) at a DTO, at an ATO or with an instructor, if the rating expired no more than 3 years ago and the rating concerned a non-high-performance single-engine piston class rating or a TMG class rating;

(iv) at an EBT operator that is specifically approved for such refresher training;

(2)  if deemed necessary by the organisation or the instructor providing the assessment as per point (1), they shall complete refresher training at that organisation or with that instructor;

(3) after complying with point (1) and, as applicable, point (2), they shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 or complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10. That EBT practical assessment may be combined with the refresher training specified in point (2).

By way of derogation from points (b)(1), (b)(2) and (b)(3), pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with point FCL.820 who were involved in the development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC in test flights in that type during the year prior to the date of their application, shall be entitled to apply for the revalidation or renewal of the relevant type rating.

Applicants shall be exempted from the requirement in points (b)(1) and (b)(2) if they hold a valid rating for the same class or type of aircraft on a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention and if they are entitled to exercise the privileges of that rating.

(c) Pilots who leave an operator’s EBT programme after having failed to demonstrate an acceptable level of competence in accordance with that EBT programme shall not exercise the privileges of that type rating until they have complied with one of the following:

(1) they have completed EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10;

(2) they have passed a proficiency check in accordance with point FCL.625(c)(3) or point FCL.740(b)(3), as applicable. In such a case, point FCL.625(b)(4) and point FCL.740(a)(2) shall not apply.

RENEWAL OF CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS: REFRESHER TRAINING AT AN ATO, A DTO OR WITH AN INSTRUCTOR

(a) The objective of the refresher training is for the applicant to reach the level of proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant type or class of aircraft. The amount of refresher training needed should be determined on a case-by-case basis by the ATO, the DTO or the instructor, as applicable, taking into account the following factors:

(1) the experience of the applicant;

(2) the amount of time elapsed since the privileges of the rating were last used;

(3) the complexity of the aircraft;

(4) whether the applicant has a current rating on another aircraft type or class; and

(5) where considered necessary, the performance of the applicant during a simulated proficiency check for the rating in an FSTD or an aircraft of the relevant type or class.

It should be expected that the amount of training needed to reach the desired level of proficiency will increase analogously to the time elapsed since the privileges of the rating were last used.

(b) After having determined the needs of the applicant, the ATO, the DTO or the instructor, as applicable, should develop an individual training programme based on the initial training for the rating, focusing on the aspects where the applicant has shown the greatest needs.

(c) With the exception of refresher training for ratings for aircraft referred to in point FCL.740(b)(2)(i), refresher training should include theoretical knowledge instruction, as necessary, such as for type-specific system failures in complex aircraft. The performance of the applicant should be reviewed during the training and additional instruction should be provided to the applicant, where necessary, to reach the standard required for the proficiency check.

(d) After successful completion of the training, the ATO, the DTO or the instructor, as applicable, should issue the applicant with a training completion certificate or another document specified by the competent authority, describing the evaluation of the factors listed in (a), the training received, and a statement that the training has been successfully completed. The training completion certificate should be presented to the examiner prior to the proficiency check. Following the successful renewal of the rating, the training completion certificate or the other document specified by the competent authority and the examiner report form should be submitted to the competent authority.

(e) Taking into account the factors listed in (a) above, the ATO, the DTO or the instructor, as applicable, may also decide that the applicant already possesses the required level of proficiency and that no refresher training is necessary. In such a case, the certificate or other documental evidence referred to in (c) above should contain a respective statement including sufficient reasoning.

RENEWAL OF CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS: REFRESHER TRAINING AT AN AOC HOLDER

It is recommended that an AOC holder approved for renewal of type ratings under Part-ORO may provide refresher training if the applicant is enrolled in the EBT programme; and if the rating has lapsed by no more than 1 year.

If the rating has lapsed by more than 1 year, it is recommended that the applicant consider to follow the training at an ATO and AMC1 FCL.740(b) applies.