CS ADR-DSN.Q.840 Objects to be marked and/or lighted within the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Applicability: The specifications for objects to be marked and/or lighted within the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces apply only to the area under control of the aerodrome operator.

(b) Elevated aeronautical ground lights within the movement area should be marked so as to be conspicuous by day. Obstacle lights should not be installed on elevated ground lights or signs in the movement area.

(c) All obstacles within the distance specified in Table D-1, column (11), (12) or (13), from the centre line of a taxiway, an apron taxiway or aircraft stand taxilane should be marked and, if the taxiway, apron taxiway or aircraft stand taxilane is used at night, lighted.

(d) A fixed obstacle that extends above a take-off climb, approach or transitional surface within 3 000 m of the inner edge of the take-off climb or approach surface should be marked and if the runway is used at night, lighted, except that:

(1) such marking and lighting may be omitted when the obstacle is shielded by another fixed obstacle;

(2) the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lighted by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, by day, and its height above the level of the surrounding ground does not exceed 150 m;

(3) the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lighted by high-intensity obstacle lights by day if medium intensity lights, Type A, are deemed insufficient; and

(4) the lighting may be omitted where the obstacle is a lighthouse and an safety assessment indicates the lighthouse light to be sufficient.

(e) A fixed object, other than an obstacle, adjacent to a take-off climb, approach or transitional surface should be marked and, if the runway is used at night, lighted, if such marking and lighting is considered necessary to ensure its avoidance, except that the marking may be omitted when:

(1) the object is lighted by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, by day, and its height above the level of the surrounding ground does not exceed 150 m; or

(2) the object is lighted by high-intensity obstacle lights by day if medium intensity lights, Type A, are deemed insufficient.

(f) A fixed obstacle that extends above a horizontal surface should be marked and if the aerodrome is used at night, lighted, except that:

(1) such marking and lighting may be omitted when:

(i) the obstacle is shielded by another fixed obstacle; or

(ii) for a circuit extensively obstructed by immovable objects or terrain, procedures have been established to ensure safe vertical clearance below prescribed flight paths; or

(iii) an safety assessment shows the obstacle is not of operational significance.

(2) the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lighted by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, by day, and its height above the level of the surrounding ground does not exceed 150 m;

(3) the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lighted by high-intensity obstacle lights by day if medium intensity lights, Type A, are deemed insufficient; and

(4) the lighting may be omitted where the obstacle is a lighthouse and a safety assessment indicates the lighthouse light to be sufficient.

(g) A fixed object that extends above an obstacle protection surface should be marked and, if the runway is used at night, lighted, except that such marking and lighting may be omitted when the obstacle is shielded by another fixed obstacle.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.840 Objects to be marked and/or lighted within the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces

ED Decision 2022/006/R

(a) The marking and/or lighting of obstacles is intended to reduce hazards to aircraft by indicating the presence of the obstacles. It does not necessarily reduce operating limitations which may be imposed by an obstacle.

(b) Other objects inside the obstacle limitation surfaces should be marked and/or lighted if a safety assessment indicates that the object could constitute a hazard to aircraft (this includes objects adjacent to visual routes e.g. waterway or highway).

(c) Overhead wires, cables, etc., crossing a river, waterway, valley or highway should be marked and their supporting towers marked and lighted if a safety assessment indicates that the wires or cables could constitute a hazard to aircraft.

(d) An autonomous aircraft detection system may be installed on or near an obstacle (or group of obstacles such as wind farms) within or outside the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces. This system is designed to operate the lighting only when it detects an aircraft approaching the obstacle, to reduce light exposure to local residents. Additional guidance on the design and installation of an autonomous aircraft detection system is available in the ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

The inclusion of this guidance is not intended to imply that such a system has to be provided.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/6]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.841 Objects to be marked and/or lighted outside the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Applicability: The specifications for objects to be marked and/or lighted outside the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces apply only to the area under control of the aerodrome operator.

(b) Obstacles in accordance with CS ADR-DSN.J.487 should be marked and lighted, except that the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lighted by high-intensity obstacle lights by day.

(c) When considered as an obstacle, other objects outside the obstacle limitation surfaces should be marked and/or lighted.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.841 Objects to be marked and/or lighted outside the lateral boundaries of the obstacle limitation surfaces

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Other objects outside the obstacle limitation surfaces should be marked and/or lighted if a safety assessment indicates that the object could constitute a hazard to aircraft (this includes objects adjacent to visual routes e.g. waterway, highway).

(b) Overhead wires, cables, etc., crossing a river, waterway, valley or highway should be marked and their supporting towers marked and lighted if a safety assessment indicates that the wires or cables could constitute a hazard to aircraft.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.845 Marking of fixed objects

ED Decision 2022/006/R

(a) General: All fixed objects to be marked should, whenever practicable, be coloured but if this is not practicable, markers or flags should be displayed on or above them, except those objects that are sufficiently conspicuous by their shape, size, or colour need not be otherwise marked.

(b) Marking by colour

(1) An object should be coloured to show a chequered pattern if it has essentially unbroken surfaces, and its projection on any vertical plane equals or exceeds 4.5 m in both dimensions. The pattern should consist of rectangles of not less than 1.5 m and not more than 3 m on a side, the corners being of the darker colour. The colours of the pattern should contrast with each other and with the background against which they should be seen.

(2) An object should be coloured to show alternating contrasting bands if:

(i) it has essentially unbroken surfaces, and has one dimension, horizontal or vertical, greater than 1.5 m, and the other dimension, horizontal or vertical, less than 4.5 m; or

(ii) it is of skeletal type with either a vertical or a horizontal dimension greater than 1.5 m.

(3) The bands should be perpendicular to the longest dimension and have a width approximately 1/7 of the longest dimension or 30 m, whichever is less. The colours of the bands should contrast with the background against which they should be seen. Orange and white should be used, except where such colours are not conspicuous when viewed against the background. The bands on the extremities of the object should be of the darker colour (see Figures Q-1 and Q-2). The dimensions of the marking band widths are shown in Table Q-4.

(4) An object should be coloured in a single conspicuous colour if its projection on any vertical plane has both dimensions less than 1.5 m. Orange or red should be used, except where such colours merge with the background.

(c) Marking by flags

(1) Flags used to mark fixed objects should be displayed around, on top of, or around the highest edge of the object. When flags are used to mark extensive objects or groups of closely spaced objects, they should be displayed at least every 15 m. Flags should not increase the hazard presented by the object they mark.

(2) Flags used to mark fixed objects should not be less than 0.6 m on each side.

(3) Flags used to mark fixed objects should be orange in colour or a combination of two triangular sections, one orange and the other white, or one red and the other white. Except where such colours merge with the background, other conspicuous colours should be used.

(d) Marking by markers

(1) Markers displayed on or adjacent to objects should be located in conspicuous positions so as to retain the general definition of the object and should be recognisable in clear weather from a distance of at least 1 000 m for an object to be viewed from the air and 300 m for an object to be viewed from the ground in all directions in which an aircraft is likely to approach the object. The shape of markers should be distinctive to the extent necessary to ensure that they are not mistaken for markers employed to convey other information, and they should be such that the hazard presented by the object they mark is not increased.

(2) A marker should be of one colour. When more than one markers are installed, white and red, or white and orange markers should be displayed alternately. The colour selected should contrast with the background against which it should be seen.

C:\Users\matiles\Desktop\Q-1.png

Figure Q-1. Basic marking patterns

Figure Q-2. Examples of marking and lighting of tall structures

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/6]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.845 Marking of fixed objects

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Orange and white or alternatively red and white are preferably used, except where such colours merge with the background.

(b) Table Q-4 shows a formula for determining band widths, and for having an odd number of bands, thus permitting both the top and bottom bands to be of the darker colour.

(c) Against some backgrounds it may be found necessary to use a different colour from orange or red to obtain sufficient contrast.

(d) Alternative spacing may be suitable; priority is to highlight the location and definition of the object.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.846 Lighting of fixed objects

ED Decision 2017/021/R

(a) The presence of objects which should be lighted, as specified in CS ADR-DSN.Q.840 and CS ADR-DSN.Q.841 should be indicated by low-, medium- or high-intensity obstacle lights, or a combination of such lights.

(b) Low-intensity obstacle lights, Types A, B, C and D, medium-intensity obstacle lights, Types A, B and C and high-intensity obstacle lights Types A and B, should be in accordance with the specifications in Table Q-1, CS ADR-DSN.U.930 and Figure U-1A or U-1B, as appropriate..

(c) The number and arrangement of low-, medium- or high-intensity obstacle lights at each level to be marked should be such that the object is indicated from every angle in azimuth. Where a light is shielded in any direction by another part of the object or by an adjacent object, additional lights should be provided on that adjacent object, or the part of the object that is shielding the light, in such a way as to retain the general definition of the object to be lighted. If the shielded light does not contribute to the definition of the object to be lighted, it may be omitted.

(d) In case of an object to be lighted one or more low-, medium- or high-intensity obstacle lights should be located as close as practicable to the top of the object.

(e) In the case of chimney or other structure of like function, the top lights should be placed sufficiently below the top so as to minimise contamination by smoke, etc. (see Figure Q-2).

(f) In the case of a tower or antenna structure indicated by high-intensity obstacle lights by day with an appurtenance such as a rod or an antenna greater than 12 m where it is not practicable to locate a high-intensity obstacle light on the top of the appurtenance, such a light should be located at the highest practicable point, and, if practicable, a medium-intensity obstacle light, Type A, mounted on the top.

(g) In the case of an extensive object or of a group of closely spaced objects to be lighted that are:

(1) Penetrating a horizontal obstacle limitation surface (OLS) or located outside an OLS, the top lights should be so arranged as to at least indicate the points or edges of the object highest in relation to OLS or above the ground, and so as to indicate the general definition and the extent of the objects; and

(2) Penetrating a sloping OLS, the top lights should be so arranged as to at least indicate the points or edges of the object highest in relation to the OLS, and so as to indicate the general definition and the extent of the objects. If two or more edges are of the same height, the edge nearest the landing area should be marked.

(h) When the obstacle limitation surface concerned is sloping and the highest point above the obstacle limitation surface is not the highest point of the object, additional obstacle lights should be placed on the highest point of the object.

(i) Where lights are applied to display the general definition of an extensive object or a group of closely spaced objects, and

(1) Low-intensity lights are used, they should be spaced at longitudinal intervals not exceeding 45 m.

(2) Medium-intensity lights are used, they should be spaced at longitudinal intervals not exceeding 900 m.

(j) High-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, and medium-intensity obstacle lights, Types A and B, located on an object should flash simultaneously.

(k) The installation setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, should be in accordance with Table Q-5.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/4]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.846 Lighting of fixed objects

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Guidance on how a combination of low-, medium-, and/or high-intensity lights on obstacles should be displayed is given in Figures GM-Q-1 to GM-Q-8.

(b) High-intensity obstacle lights are intended for day use as well as night use. Care should be taken to ensure that these lights do not create disconcerting dazzle or environmental concerns. Guidance on the design, location, and operation of high-intensity obstacle lights is given in ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

(c) Where, the use of high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, or medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, at night may dazzle pilots in the vicinity of an aerodrome (within approximately 10 000 m radius) or cause significant environmental concerns, a dual obstacle lighting system should be provided. This system should be composed of high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, or medium intensity obstacle lights, Type A, as appropriate, for daytime and twilight use and medium-intensity obstacle light, Type B or C, for night-time use.

adrCSimage97.png

Figure GM-Q-1.Medium-intensity flashing-white obstacle lighting system, Type A

adrCSimage98.png

Figure GM-Q-2. Medium-intensity flashing-red obstacle lighting system, Type B

adrCSimage99.png

Figure GM-Q-3. Medium-intensity fixed-red obstacle lighting system, Type C

adrCSimage100.png

Figure GM-Q-4. Medium-intensity dual obstacle lighting system, Type A/Type B

adrCSimage101.png

Figure GM-Q-5. Medium-intensity dual obstacle lighting system, Type A/Type C

adrCSimage102.png

Figure GM-Q-6. High-intensity flashing-white obstacle lighting system, Type A

adrCSimage103.png

Figure GM-Q-7. High-/medium-intensity dual obstacle lighting system, Type A/Type B

adrCSimage104.png

Figure GM-Q-8. High-/medium-intensity dual obstacle lighting system, Type A/Type C

In the cases as stated in CS ADR-DSN.Q.848(c) and (d), normally the spacing would not exceed 52 m.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.847 Lighting of fixed objects with a height less than 45 m above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Low-intensity obstacle lights, Type A or B, should be used where the object is a less extensive one and its height above the surrounding ground is less than 45 m.

(b) Where the use of low-intensity obstacle lights, Type A or B, would be inadequate, or an early special warning is required, then medium- or high-intensity obstacle lights should be used.

(c) Low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be used either alone or in combination with medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, in accordance with subparagraph (d), below.

(d) Medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, B, or C, should be used where the object is an extensive one. Medium-intensity obstacle lights, Types A and C, should be used alone, whereas medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be used either alone or in combination with low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.847 Lighting of fixed objects with a height less than 45 m above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

A group of buildings is regarded as an extensive object.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.848 Lighting of fixed objects with a height 45 m to a height less than 150 m above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, B, or C, should be used where the object is an extensive one. Medium-intensity obstacle lights, Types A and C, should be used alone, whereas medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be used either alone or in combination with low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B.

(b) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, and the top of the object is more than 105 m above the level of the surrounding ground, or the elevation of tops of nearby buildings (when the object to be marked is surrounded by buildings), additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be spaced, as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 105 m.

(c) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, and the top of the object is more than 45 m above the level of the surrounding ground or the elevation of tops of nearby buildings (when the object to be marked is surrounded by buildings), additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be alternately low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, and medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, and should be spaced as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 52 m.

(d) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type C, and the top of the object is more than 45 m above the level of the surrounding ground or the elevation of tops of nearby buildings (when the object to be marked is surrounded by buildings), additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be spaced as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings, as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 52 m.

(e) Where high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, are used, they should be spaced at uniform intervals not exceeding 105 m between the ground level and the top light(s) specified in paragraph CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(d), except that where an object to be marked is surrounded by buildings, the elevation of the tops of the buildings may be used as the equivalent of the ground level when determining the number of light levels.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.848 Lighting of fixed objects with a height 45 m to a height less than 150 m above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

Low-intensity obstacle lights, Type A or B, may be used for obstacles higher than 45 m if it is determined to be sufficient.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.849 Lighting of fixed objects with a height 150 m or more above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) High-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, should be used to indicate the presence of an object if its height above the level of the surrounding ground exceeds 150 m and a safety assessment indicates such lights to be essential for the recognition of the object by day.

(b) Where high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, are used, they should be spaced at uniform intervals not exceeding 105 m between the ground level and the top light(s) specified in CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(d), except where an object to be marked is surrounded by buildings, the elevation of the tops of the buildings may be used as the equivalent of the ground level when determining the number of light levels.

(c) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be spaced, as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings, as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 105 m.

(d) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be alternately low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, and medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, and should be spaced, as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings, as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 52 m.

(e) Where an object is indicated by medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type C, additional lights should be provided at intermediate levels. These additional intermediate lights should be spaced, as equally as practicable, between the top lights and ground level or the level of tops of nearby buildings, as appropriate, with the spacing not exceeding 52 m.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.849 Lighting of fixed objects with a height 150 m or more above ground level

ED Decision 2016/027/R

Where, the use of high-intensity obstacle lights, Type A, at night may dazzle pilots in the vicinity of an aerodrome (within approximately 10 000 m radius) or cause significant environmental concerns, medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type C, should be used alone, whereas medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be used either alone or in combination with low-intensity obstacle lights, Type B.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.850

ED Decision 2021/004/R

Intentionally left blank

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/5]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.850

ED Decision 2021/004/R

Intentionally left blank

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/5]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.851 Marking and lighting of wind turbines

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Applicability: When considered as an obstacle a wind turbine should be marked and/or lighted.

(b) Marking: The rotor blades, nacelle and upper 2/3 of the supporting mast of wind turbines should be painted white, or if after a safety assessment, it is determined that other colour will improve safety.

(c) Lighting:

(1) Where lighting is deemed necessary for a single wind turbine or short line of wind turbines, the installation should be in accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(v) below, or as determined by a safety assessment.

(2) When lighting is deemed necessary in the case of a wind farm (i.e. a group of two or more wind turbines), the wind farm should be regarded as an extensive object and lights should be installed:

(i) to identify the perimeter of the wind farm;

(ii) respecting the maximum spacing, in accordance with CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(i), between the lights along the perimeter, or if after a safety assessment, it is determined that a greater spacing can be used;

(iii) so that, where flashing lights are used, they flash simultaneously throughout the wind farm;

(iv) so that, within a wind farm, any wind turbines of significantly higher elevation are also identified wherever they are located; and

(v) at locations prescribed in (i), (ii) and (iv):

(A) for wind turbines of less than 150 m in overall height (hub height plus vertical blade height), medium intensity lighting on the nacelle;

(B) for wind turbines from 150 m to 315 m in overall height, in addition to the medium intensity light installed on the nacelle, a second light serving as an alternate should be provided in case of failure of the operating light; the lights should be installed to assure that the output of either light is not blocked by the other;

(C) in addition, for wind turbines from 150 m to 315 m in overall height, an intermediate level at half the nacelle height of at least three low intensity Type E lights, as specified in CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(c), that are configured to flash at the same rate as the light on the nacelle; low-intensity Type A or B lights may be used if an safety assessment shows that low intensity Type E lights are not suitable.

(3) The obstacle lights should be installed on the nacelle in such a manner as to provide an unobstructed view for aircraft approaching from any direction.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.851 Marking and lighting of wind turbines

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Additional markings and lighting may be provided to the wind turbines if indicated by a safety assessment.

(b) Case by case studies for wind turbines of more than 315 m of overall height may conclude that additional markings and lighting are required.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

CS ADR-DSN.Q.852 Marking and lighting of overhead wires, cables, supporting towers, etc.

ED Decision 2022/006/R

(a) Marking: The wires, cables, etc. to be marked should be equipped with markers; the supporting tower should be coloured.

(b) Marking by colours: The supporting towers of overhead wires, cables, etc. that require marking should be marked in accordance with CS ADR-DSN.Q.845(b), except that the marking of the supporting towers may be omitted when they are lighted by high-intensity obstacle lights by day.

(c) Marking by markers:

(1) Markers displayed on or adjacent to objects should be located in conspicuous positions so as to retain the general definition of the object and should be recognisable in clear weather from a distance of at least 1 000 m for an object to be viewed from the air and 300 m for an object to be viewed from the ground in all directions in which an aircraft is likely to approach the object. The shape of markers should be distinctive to the extent necessary to ensure that they are not mistaken for markers employed to convey other information, and they should be such that the hazard presented by the object they mark is not increased.

(2) A marker displayed on an overhead wire, cable, etc., should be spherical and have a diameter of not less than 60 cm.

(3) The spacing between two consecutive markers, or between a marker and a supporting tower, should be appropriate to the diameter of the marker. The spacing should normally not exceed:

(i) 30 m where the marker diameter is 60 cm, increasing progressively with increase of the marker diameter to:

(ii) 35 m where the marker diameter is 80 cm; and

(iii) further progressive increases to a maximum of 40 m where the marker diameter is of at least 130 cm.

Where multiple wires, cables, etc., are involved, a marker should be located not lower than the level of the highest wire at the point marked.

(4) A marker should be of one colour. When installed, white and red, or white and orange, markers should be displayed alternately. The colour selected should contrast with the background against which it should be seen.

(5) When it has been determined that an overhead wire, cable, etc., needs to be marked but it is not practicable to install markers on the wire, cable, etc., then high-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be provided on their supporting towers.

(d) Lighting:

(1) High-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, should be used to indicate the presence of the tower supporting overhead wires, cables, etc. where:

(i) a safety assessment indicates such light to be essential for the recognition of the presence of wires, cables, etc.; or

(ii) it has not been found practicable to install marker on the wires, cables, etc.

(2) Where high-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, are used, they should be located at three levels:

(i) at the top of the tower;

(ii) at the lowest level of the catenary of the wires or cables; and

(iii) at approximately midway between these two levels.

(3) High-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, indicating the presence of a tower supporting overhead wires, cables, etc., should flash sequentially; first the middle light, second the top light, and last the bottom light. The intervals between flashes of the lights should approximate the following ratios:

Flash interval between

Ratio of cycle time

Middle and top light

1/13

Top and bottom light

2/13

Bottom and middle light

10/13

(4) The installation setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights, Types B, should be in accordance with Table Q-5.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Light type

Colour

Signal type/ (Flash Rate)

Peak intensity (cd) at given Background Luminance (b)

Light Distribution Table

Day

(Above 500 cd/m2)

Twilight

(50-500 cd/m2)

Night

(Below 50 cd/m2)

Low-intensity Type A (fixed obstacle)

Red

Fixed

N/A

N/A

10

Table Q-2

Low-intensity Type B (fixed obstacle)

Red

Fixed

N/A

N/A

32

Table Q-2

Low-intensity Type C (mobile obstacle)

Yellow/

Blue (a)

Flashing

(60-90 fpm)

N/A

40

40

Table Q-2

Low-intensity Type D (follow-me vehicle)

Yellow

Flashing

(60-90 fpm)

N/A

200

200

Table Q-2

Low-intensity, Type E

Red

Flashing

(c)

N/A

N/A

32

Table Q-2

(Type B)

Medium-intensity Type A

White

Flashing

(20-60 fpm)

20 000

20 000

2 000

Table Q-3

Medium-intensity Type B

Red

Flashing

(20-60 fpm)

N/A

N/A

2 000

Table Q-3

Medium-intensity Type C

Red

Fixed

N/A

N/A

2 000

Table Q-3

High-intensity Type A

White

Flashing

(40-60 fpm)

200 000

20 000

2 000

Table Q-3

High-intensity Type B

White

Flashing

(40-60 fpm)

100 000

20 000

2 000

Table Q-3

(a) CS ADR-DSN.Q.850(b)

(b) For flashing lights, effective intensity as determined in accordance with ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

(c) For wind turbine application, to flash at the same rate as the lighting on the nacelle.

Table Q-1. Characteristics of obstacle lights

 

Minimum intensity (a)

Maximum intensity (a)

Vertical beam spread (f)

Minimum beam spread

Intensity

Type A

10 cd (b)

N/A

10°

5 cd

Type B

32 cd (b)

N/A

10°

16 cd

Type C

40 cd (b)

400 cd

12(d)

20 cd

Type D

200 cd (c)

400 cd

N/A(e)

N/A

Note: This table does not include recommended horizontal beam spreads. CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(c) requires 360° coverage around an obstacle. Therefore, the number of lights needed to meet this requirement will depend on the horizontal beam spreads of each light as well as the shape of the obstacle. Thus, with narrower beam spreads, more lights will be required.

(a) 360° horizontal. For flashing lights, the intensity is read into effective intensity, as determined in accordance with ICAO, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

(b) Between 2 and 10° vertical. Elevation vertical angles are referenced to the horizontal when the light is levelled.

(c) Between 2 and 20° vertical. Elevation vertical angles are referenced to the horizontal when the light is levelled.

(d) Peak intensity should be located at approximately 2.5° vertical.

(e) Peak intensity should be located at approximately 17° vertical.

(f) Beam spread is defined as the angle between the horizontal plan and the directions for which the intensity exceeds that mentioned in the ‘intensity’ column.

Table Q-2. Light distribution for low-intensity obstacle lights

Benchmark intensity

Minimum requirements

Recommendations

Vertical elevation angle (b)

Vertical beam spread (c)

Vertical elevation angle (b)

Vertical beam spread (c)

-1°

-1°

-10°

Minimum average intensity (a)

Minimum intensity (a)

Minimum intensity (a)

Minimum beam spread

Intensity (a)

Maximum intensity (a)

Maximum intensity (a)

Maximum intensity (a)

Maximum beam spread

Intensity (a)

200 000

200 000

150 000

75 000

75 000

250 000

112 500

7 500

75 000

100 000

100 000

75 000

37 500

37 500

125 000

56 250

3 750

37 500

20 000

20 000

15 000

7 500

7 500

25 000

11 250

750

N/A

N/A

2 000

2 000

1 500

750

750

2 500

1 125

75

N/A

N/A

Note: This table does not include recommended horizontal beam spreads. CS ADR-DSN.Q.846(c) requires 360° coverage around an obstacle. Therefore, the number of lights needed to meet this requirement will depend on the horizontal beam spreads of each light as well as the shape of the obstacle. Thus, with narrower beam spreads, more lights will be required.

(a) 360° horizontal. All intensities are expressed in Candela. For flashing lights, the intensity is read into effective intensity, as determined in accordance with ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

(b) Elevation vertical angles are referenced to the horizontal when the light unit is levelled.

(c) Beam spread is defined as the angle between the horizontal plan and the directions for which the intensity exceeds that mentioned in the ‘intensity’ column.

Note: an extended beam spread may be necessary under specific configuration and justified by a safety assessment.

Table Q-3. Light distribution for medium- and high-intensity obstacle lights according to benchmark intensities of Table Q-1

Longest dimension

Band width

Greater than

Not exceeding

1.5 m

210 m

1/7 of longest dimension

210 m

270 m

1/9  ““   “

270 m

330 m

1/11 ““   “

330 m

390 m

1/13 ““   “

390 m

450 m

1/15 ““   “

450 m

510 m

1/17 ““   “

510 m

570 m

1/19 ““   “

570 m

630 m

1/21 ““   “

Table Q-4. Marking band widths

Height of light unit above terrain (AGL)

Angle of the peak of the beam above the horizontal

Greater than

Not exceeding

151 m

 

122 m

151 m

92 m

122 m

 

92 m

Table Q-5. Installation setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/4]

[Issue: ADR-DSN/6]

GM1 ADR-DSN.Q.852 Marking and lighting of overhead wires, cables, supporting towers, etc.

ED Decision 2016/027/R

(a) Where high-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, are used, and it is not possible to locate them as described in CS ADR-DSN.Q.852(d)(2), in some cases, this may require locating the lights off the tower.

(b) High-intensity obstacle lights are intended for day use as well as night use. Care should be taken to ensure that these lights do not create disconcerting dazzle or environmental concerns. Guidance on the design, location, and operation of high-intensity obstacle lights is given in ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids.

(c) Where the use of high-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, at night may dazzle pilots in the vicinity of an aerodrome (within approximately 10 000 m radius) or cause significant environmental concerns, a dual obstacle lighting system should be provided. This system should be composed of high-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, for daytime and twilight use and medium-intensity obstacle lights, Type B, for night-time use. Where medium-intensity lights are used they should be installed at the same level as the high-intensity obstacle light Type B.

[Issue: ADR-DSN/3]